The theory for Bose-Einstein correlations in case of neutral gauge bosons in $pp$ collisions at high energies is presented. Based on quantum field theory at finite temperature the two-particle Bose-Einstein correlations of neutral gauge bosons are carried out for the first time. As a result, the important parameters of the correlation functions can be obtained for the $Z^{0}Z^{0}$ pairs. The correlations of two bosons in 4-momentum space presented in this paper offer useful and instructive complimentary viewpoints to theoretical and experimental works in multiparticle femtoscopy and interferometry measurements at hadron colliders.
Four experimental results, which seem to contradict the established ideas about the Bose-Einstein correlations in multiple particle production processes, are briefly presented and dicussed.
The GGLP approach to Bose-Einstein correlations, a hydrodynamic model and a string model are briefly reviewed. The implications of the two models for the Bose-Einstein correlations among the decay products of a pair of W bosons are presented.
Data on Bose-Einstein correlations yield information about the interaction regions in multiple particle production processes. The conclusions are model dependent. Several popular models are briefly presented, compared and discussed.
Multiparticle effects in Bose-Einstein correlations are reviewed. It is shown that for a broad class of models they can be ignored in the low density limit, but often are significant (typically at the 10% level) for realistic denisties.
Theoretical results in the tau-model are discussed in the context of Bose-Einstein correlations in e+e- annihilations at LEP1 and LEP2 as well as that of relativistic heavy ion collisions at SPS and RHIC.
We present improved Coulomb correction formulae for Bose-Einstein correlations including also exchange term and use them to calculate appropriate correction factors for several source functions. It is found that Coulomb correction to the exchange function in the Bose-Einstein correlations cannot be neglected.
A Quantum Field Theory formulation of Bose-Einstein Correlations is given. It contains as a special case the classical current approach. It is shown that the particle-antiparticle correlations are a general feature of Bose-Einstein Correlations and not an artifact of a certain approximation. Relations are provided through which the quantum corrections to the classical current approach can be determined experimentally.
We present some results concerning the Bose-Einstein effect in asymmetric sources in Monte Carlo generators. A comparison of LEP data, standard JETSET predictions and results from the weight method is given. Possible generalization of the weight factors to an asymmetric form is considered.
I review the Bose-Einstein condensation phase transition of dilute gases of cold atoms, for particle theorists acquainted with methods of field theory at finite temperature. I then discuss how the dependence of the phase transition temperature on the interaction strength can be computed in the large N approximation.
Bose-Einstein correlations of pions have been calculated in the presence of both statistical and coherent pion production with isotopic spin conservation taken into account.An additional contribution to pion correlation function has been found arising due to isospin effect
It is argued that Bose-Einstein correlations constitute one of the most important and characteristic effects of strong interactions. The progress made in our understanding of this phenomenon is reviewed and a program for future research in this field is formulated.
The effect of Bose-Einstein correlations on multiplicity distributions of identical pions is discussed. It is found that these correlations affect significantly the observed multiplicity distributions, but Einstein's condensation is unlikely to be achieved, unless "cold spots", i.e. regions, where groups of pions with very small relative momenta are produced, occur in high energy heavy-ion collisions.
Analyses of Bose-Einstein Correlations in $\rW^{+}\rW^{-}$ events at LEP2 by the four LEP collaborations are presented. In particular, Bose-Einstein correlations in $\rW^{+}\rW^{-}$ overlap are investigated and the possible existence of these correlations between particles coming from different W's, which may influence the W-mass measurements in the fully hadronic channel $\re^{+}\re^{-}\to \rW^{+}\rW^{-}\to\rq_1 \bar{\rq}_2 \rq_3 \bar{\rq}_4 $. No evidence for such an inter-W Bose-Einstein correlation is found. The results are preliminary.
A group of transformations changing the phases of the single particle density matrix, but leaving unchanged the predictions for identical particles concerning the momentum distributions, momentum correlations etc., is identified. Its implications for the determinations of the interaction region from studies of Bose-Einstein correlations are discussed.
A generating function for products of Hermite polynomials is used to significantly simplify the evaluation of the integrals G_m(p,p') occurring in the Gaussian model of multiple particle production. These integrals are crucial for studies of multiparticle effects in Bose-Einstein correlations.
We review the basic notion of correlations in point processes, adapted to the language of high energy physicists. The measurement of accessible information on correlations by means of correlation integrals is summarized. Applications to the measurement of Bose-Einstein interferometry as well as some pitfalls are discussed.
We describe an attempt to numerically model Bose-Einstein correlations (BEC) from "within", i.e., by using them as the most fundamental ingredient of a Monte Carlo event generator (MC) rather than considering them as a kind of (more or less important, depending on the actual situation) "afterburner", which inevitably changes the original physical content of the MC code used to model multiparticle production process.
A generalization of the core/halo model to the Bose-Einstein correlation function of any number of particles is presented. In particular, a simple prediction is obtained for the intercept parameter of the n-particle inclusive Bose-Einstein correlation functions for arbitrary large values of n.
Bose-Einstein correlations of pairs of identical charged pions produced in hadronic Z decays and in 7 TeV pp minimum bias interactions are investigated within the framework of the tau-model.
Bose-Einstein correlations and momentum distributions are calculated for longitudinally expanding systems, like jets or high energy heavy ion collisions with light projectiles. The expansion generates a thermal length-scale in the longitudinal direction, and the geometrical length-scale is also finite. The Bose-Einstein correlation functions are dominated by the smaller while the invariant momentum distribution by the longer of the two longitudinal length-scales.
Bose-Einstein correlations of pairs of identical charged pions produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed for both two- and three-jet events. A parametrization suggested by the tau-model is used to investigate the dependence of the Bose-Einstein correlation function on track multiplicity, number of jets, and transverse momentum.
We suggest a procedure how to prepare the vortex with N=1/2 winding number -- the counterpart of the Alice string -- in a Bose--Einstein condensate with hyperfine spin F=1. Other possible vortices in Bose-condensates are also discussed.
The theory of resonant generation of nonground-state Bose-Einstein condensates is extended to Bose-condensed systems at finite temperature. The generalization is based on the notion of representative statistical ensembles for Bose systems with broken global gauge symmetry. Self-consistent equations are derived describing an arbitrary nonequilibrium nonuniform Bose system. The notion of finite-temperature topological coherent modes, coexisting with a cloud of noncondensed atoms, is introduced. It is shown that resonant generation of these modes is feasible for a gas of trapped Bose atoms at fin…
We demonstrate theoretically that analogues of D-branes in string theory can be realized in rotating, phase-separated, two-component Bose-Einstein condensates and that they are observable using current experimental techniques. This study raises the possibility of simulating D-branes in the laboratory.
We show that knots of spin textures can be created in the polar phase of a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate, and discuss experimental schemes for their generation and probe, together with their lifetime.
In certain field theoretical models, composite solitons consisting of a domain wall and vortex lines attached to the wall have been referred to as D-brane solitons. We show that similar composite solitons can be realized in phase-separated two-component Bose-Einstein condensates. We discuss the similarities and differences between topological solitons in the Abelian-Higgs model and those in two-component Bose-Einstein condensates. Based on the formulation of gauge theory, we introduce the "boojum charge" to characterize the "D-brane soliton" in Bose-Einstein condensates.
