Inga Kuznetsova, Johann Rafelski
The yields of heavy flavored hadrons emitted from strangeness-rich QGP are evaluated within chemical non-equilibrium statistical hadronization model, conserving strangeness, charm, and entropy yields at hadronization.
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The yields of charmed hadrons emitted by strangeness rich QGP are evaluated within chemical non-equilibrium statistical hadronization model, conserving strangeness, charm, and entropy yields at hadronization.
We compare chemical and thermal analysis of the SPS Pb--Pb results at $158A$ GeV, and present a first chemical analysis of RHIC results. We show how a combined analysis of several strange hadron resonances can be used in a study of freeze-out dynamics.
We study b, c quark hadronization from QGP. We obtain the yields of charm and bottom flavored hadrons within the statistical hadronization model. The important novel feature of this study is that we take into account the high strangeness and entropy content of QGP, conserving strangeness and entropy yields at hadronization.
We review strangeness as signature of quark gluon plasma (QGP) and the hadronization process of a QGP fireball formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions in the entire range of today accessible reaction energies. We discuss energy dependence of the statistical hadronization parameters within the context of fast QGP hadronization. We find that QGP breakup occurs for all energies at the universal hadronization pressure $P = 80\pm 3\,\mathrm{MeV/fm}^3 $.
We study, in the dynamically evolving QGP fireball formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC, the growth of strangeness yield toward and beyond the chemical equilibrium. We account for the contribution of the direct strangeness production and evaluate the thermal-QCD strangeness production mechanisms. The specific yield of strangeness per entropy, s/S, is the primary target variable. We explore the effect of collision impact parameter, i.e., fireball size, on kinetic strangeness chemical equilibration in QGP. Insights gained in study the RHIC data with regard to the dynamics …
The temperature at the chemical freeze-out and at zero baryochemical potential has been extracted in a global analysis of $e^+e^-$, $p+p$, $p+ \overline{p}$ and $A+A$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=2-1800 GeV per N+N pair. We demonstrate that the temperature at $μ_B$=0, rises with the initial energy density $ε_i$, and saturates above $ε_i$ $\sim$ 1 GeV/fm$^3$. This behaviour is interpreted as mapping out the QCD phase transition universally in particle and nuclear collisions. The critical energy density is therefore identified to be $ε_{crit}$ $\sim$ 1 $\pm$ 0.3 GeV/fm$^3$. We show that strange part…
Is the new state of matter formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions the deconfined quark--gluon plasma? We survey the status of several strange hadron observables and discuss how these measurement help understand the dense hadronic matter.
The recently proposed baryon-strangeness correlation (C_BS) is studied with a string-hadronic transport model (UrQMD) for various energies from E_lab=4 AGeV to \sqrt s=200 AGeV. It is shown that rescattering among secondaries can not mimic the predicted correlation pattern expected for a Quark-Gluon-Plasma. However, we find a strong increase of the C_BS correlation function with decreasing collision energy both for pp and Au+Au/Pb+Pb reactions. For Au+Au reactions at the top RHIC energy (\sqrt s=200 AGeV), the C_BS correlation is constant for all centralities and compatible with the pp result.…
The masses of cryptoexotic pentaquarks with hidden beauty are estimated phenomenologically using the results by the LHCb collaboration which discovered recently the cryptoexotic pentaquarks with hidden charm. The expected masses of the hidden beauty pentaquarks are about $10.8$ GeV and $10.7$ GeV in the limit of some kind of heavy quark symmetry. The states with hidden strangeness considered in similar way have masses about $2.37$ Gev and $2.30$ GeV, by several hundreds of MeV higher than states discussed previously in connection with the relatively light positive strangeness pentaquark $θ^+$.…
In these remarks I explain the motivation which leads us to consider chemical nonequilibrium processes in flavor equilibration and in statistical hadroniziation of quark--gluon plasma (QGP). Statistical hadronization allowing for chemical non-equilibrium is introduced. The reesults of fits to RHIC-130 results, including multistrange hadrons, are shown to agree only with the model of an exploding QGP fireball.
Strangeness signature of of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is central to the exploration of baryon-dense matter: the search for the critical point and onset of deconfinement. I report on the discovery of QGP by means of strangeness: The key historical figures and their roles in this quest are introduced and the experimental results obtained are discussed. The important role of antihyperons is emphasized. The statistical hadronization model, and sudden hadronization are described. Results of present day data analysis: strangeness and entropy content of a large fireball, and the universal hadronizatio…
We address the question of how to identify the QCD phase transition using measured light (u,d,s-structured) hadrons, without invoking comparison to the QCD $ε_c$ predictions, and extract $ε_c$ from the data. We analyse several particle and nuclear collisions and extract their chemical freeze-out temperature $T$ at zero baryochemical potential ($μ_B$). We find at $μ_B=0$ a universal rise and saturation of both the $T$ and of the strangeness suppression factor $λ_s$ (=$\frac {2\bar{s}} {\bar{u} + \bar{d}} $) with increasing initial energy density ($ε_i$). The onset of saturation of both $T$ and …
We explore entropy and strangeness as signature of QGP for top AGS energy and the energy scan at SPS. We find that the hadronization dynamics changes between 20 and 30 $A$ GeV projectile energy. The high energy results are consistent with QGP.
I review the foundational motivation which led us to the ultra relativistic heavy ion collision research at SPS, RHIC and now LHC: the quantum vacuum structure; the deconfined nature of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) phase filling the Universe for the first 30$μ$s after the big-bang; the origin of stable matter mass; and of the origin of flavor. The special role of strangeness enhancement and strange antibaryon signature is highlighted. It is shown how hadron production can be used to determine the properties of QGP, and how the threshold energy for QGP formation is determined.
Statistical hadronization is presented as mechanism for (strange) particle production from a deconfined quark--gluon plasma (QGP) fireball. We first consider hadronic resonance production at RHIC as a test of the model. We present in detail how the hadrochemistry determines particle multiplicities and in case of sudden hadronization allows investigation of QGP properties. A comparative study of strange hadron production at SPS and RHIC is presented. The energy dependence of physical observables shows regularities and a potential discontinuity in the low RHIC range, when comparing these differe…
We review the current status of strangeness as signature of the formation and dissociation of the deconfined QGP at the SPS energy scale, and present the status of our considerations for RHIC energies. By analyzing, within the framework of a Fermi statistical model, the hadron abundance and spectra, the properties of a disintegrating, hadron evaporating, deconfined QGP fireball are determined and can be compared with theory for the energy range 160--200AGeV on fixed target. We discuss in more detail our finding that the pion yields occur near to pion condensation condition. Dynamical models of…
We look from a theoretical perspective at the new phase of matter, quark-gluon plasma (QGP), the new form of nuclear matter created at high temperature and pressure. Here I retrace the path to QGP discovery and its exploration in terms of strangeness production and strange particle signatures. We will see the theoretical arguments that have been advanced to create interest in this determining signature of QGP. We explore the procedure used by several experimental groups making strangeness production an important tool in the search and discovery of this primordial state of matter present in the…
A brief summary of strangeness mile stones is followed by a chemical non-equilibrium statistical hadronization analysis of strangeness results at SPS and RHIC. Strange particle production in AA interactions at \sqrt{s_{NN}}\ge 8.6 GeV can be understood consistently as originating from the deconfined quark--gluon plasma in a sudden hadronization process. Onset of QGP formation as function of energy is placed in the beam energy interval 10--30A GeV/c. Strangeness anomalies at LHC are described.
The vacuum parton creation in quickly varying external fields is studied at the time scale of order 1 fm/$c$ typical for the quark-gluon plasma formation and thermalization. To describe the pre-equilibrium evolution of the system the transport kinetic equation is employed. It is shown that the dynamics of production process at times comparable with particle inverse masses can deviate considerably from that based on classical Schwinger-like estimates for homogeneous and constant fields. One of the effects caused by non-stationary chromoelectric fields is the enhancement of the yield of $s\bar{s…
We study production of strangeness in the hot QGP fireball in conditions achieved at LHC, and use these results to obtain soft (strange) hadron multiplicities. We compare the chemical equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions and identify characteristic experimental observables.
A test of strangeness quantum number conservation in proton-proton collisions
本文通过提出ϕ介子与（多）奇异强子关联的新可观测量，检验质子-质子碰撞中奇异数守恒机制，从而有效区分基于全局奇异数守恒的EPOS4模型与基于局部奇异数守恒的PYTHIA8.3模型。
Abundances and $m_\bot$-spectra of strange and other hadronic particles emanating from central 158-200 A GeV reactions between nuclei are found to originate from a thermally equilibrated, deconfined source in chemical non-equilibrium. Physical freeze-out parameters and physical conditions (pressure, specific energy, entropy, and strangeness) are evaluated. Five properties of the source we obtain are as expected for direct hadron emission (hadronization) from a deconfined quark-gluon plasma phase.
Lattice QCD results reveal that the critical parameters and the order of the quark-hadron phase transition are quite sensitive to the number of dynamical flavours and their masses included in the theory. Motivated by this result we develop a phenomenological equation of state for the quark-gluon plasma consisting of $n_f$ flavours retaining the entropy per baryon ratio continuous across the quark-hadron phase boundary. We thus obtain a generalised expression for the temperature and baryon chemical potential dependent bag constant. The results are shown for the realistic case, i.e., involving u…
We present an analysis of the longitudinal $\bar Λ_0$ polarization in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The polarization of $\bar Λ_0$'s coming from the decay chain $\barΞ\to \barΛ_0+π$ exhibits a very well differentiated behavior depending on the production region of the primordial $\bar Ξ$'s. This effect reflects the different values of the $N_{\bar Ξ}/N_{\bar Λ_0}$ ratio in the QGP region, where nucleon-nucleon interactions take place in a hot and dense environment, and the peripherical region, in which ordinary nucleon-nucleon interactions occur. An increase in the longitudinal $\ba…
We discuss several new developments in the field of strange and heavy flavor physics in high energy heavy ion collisions. As shown by many recent theoretical works, heavy flavored particles give us a unique opportunity to study the properties of systems created in these collisions. Two in particular important aspects, the production of (multi) strange hypernuclei and the properties of heavy flavor mesons, are at the core of several future facilities and will be discussed in detail.
This is a brief review of our work describing the hadronization process of a QGP fireball formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We introduce the SHARE method of analysis of hadron multiplicities. Using this tool we describe in consistent continuos manner the yield of all hadrons produced in the available range of reaction energies and centralities. The properties of the fireball final state can be understood by considering all primary hadronic particles. The dense hadron fireball created at SPS, RHIC, and LHC shows that the final state is differentiated solely by: i) volume changes; and…
Impact of non-zero strangeness on thermodynamics of finite volume quark matter
该研究利用(2+1)味Polyakov夸克介子模型，探究有限体积与奇异数化学势对QCD临界点及手征相变边界的影响，明确了系统尺寸、奇异数化学势变化对应相变边界的不同偏移规律。
We address the principles governing QGP hadronization and particle production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We argue that chemical non-equilibrium is required and show that once this condition is assumed a very good description of hadron production in collider RHIC and at LHC heavy ion experiments follows. We present results of our analysis as a function of centrality. Comparing most extreme experimental conditions we show that only the reaction volume and degree of strangeness phase space saturation change. We determine the universal QGP fireball hadronization conditions.
This dissertation presents a theoretical study of soft hadron production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We explore the principles governing the hadronization of the expanding QGP fireball, and to understand its properties. Much of the ongoing effort is to demonstrate the validity of a QGP hadronization model which describes the particle production data accurately. We begin with a centrality study of multistrange hadrons from Au-Au collisions at 62.4 GeV at RHIC. We show that the statistical hadronization model (SHM) well describes particle production in QGP hadronization. For all centra…
We investigate whether the quark gluon plasma (QGP) is created in small colliding systems from analyses of various hadron yields and their ratios in proton-proton (p+p), proton-lead (p+Pb) and lead-lead (Pb+Pb) collisions at LHC energies. Recently, the ALICE Collaboration reports enhancement of yield ratio of multi-strange hadrons to charged pions as a function of multiplicity at mid-rapidity. Motivated by these results, we develop the dynamical core-corona initialization framework and find that our results describe tendencies of the ALICE data especially for multi-strange hadrons. These resul…
We obtain strangeness production as function of centrality in a statistical hadronization model analysis of all experimental hadron production data in Au--Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=62.4\GeV$. Our analysis describes successfully the yield of strange and multi-strange hadrons recently published. We explore condition of hadronization as a function of centrality and find universality for the case of chemical non-equilibrium in the hadron phase space corresponding to quark--gluon plasma (QGP) in chemical equilibrium.
Strangeness flavor yield s and the entropy yield S are the observables of the deconfined quark-gluon state of matter which can be studied in the entire available experimental energy range at AGS, SPS, RHIC, and, in near future, at the LHC energy range. We present here a comprehensive analysis of strange, soft hadron production as function of energy and reaction volume. We discuss the physical properties of the final state and argue how evidence about the primordial QGP emerges.
In the context of the Hagedorn temperature half-centenary I describe our understanding of the hot phases of hadronic matter both below and above the Hagedorn temperature. The first part of the review addresses many frequently posed questions about properties of hadronic matter in different phases, phase transition and the exploration of quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The historical context of the discovery of QGP is shown and the role of strangeness and strange antibaryon signature of QGP illustrated. In the second part I discuss the corresponding theoretical ideas and show how experimental results…
We performed state-of-the-art QCD effective kinetic theory simulations of chemically equilibrating QGP in longitudinally expanding systems. We find that chemical equilibration takes place after hydrodynamization, but well before local thermalization. By relating the transport properties of QGP and the system size we estimate that hadronic collisions with final state multiplicities $dN_\text{ch}/dη> 10^2$ live long enough to reach approximate chemical equilibrium for all collision systems. Therefore we expect the saturation of strangeness enhancement to occur at the same multiplicity in proton-…
The Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics (PHSD) transport approach consistently simulates the full evolution of a relativistic heavy-ion collision from the initial hard scatterings string formation through the dynamical deconfinement phase transition to the quark gluon plasma (QGP), to the hadronization and to subsequent interactions in the hadronic phase. The transport theoretical description of quarks and gluons is based on a dynamical quasiparticle model for partons matched to reproduce recent lattice QCD results in thermodynamic equilibrium. The transition from partonic to hadronic degrees of fre…
We extend the SHM analysis of hadron production results showing here consistency with the increased experimental data set, stability of the fit with regard to inclusion of finite resonance widths and 2-star hyperon resonances. We present new results on strangeness yield as a function of centrality and present their interpretation in terms of QGP inspired model of strangeness abundance in the hadronizing fireball.
An abundance of the strangeness that can be induced in a thermalized quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is considered as a signal of the QGP phase appearing in the intermediate state of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. As a quantitative characteristic of this signal we take the ratio R_{K^+ K^-} = N_{K^+}/N_{K^-} of the multiplicities of the production of K^+_- mesons. This ratio is evaluated for a thermalized QGP phase of QCD and for the quark-gluon system escaped from the QGP phase. For a thermalized QGP phase the ratio R_{K^+ K^-} has been found as a smooth function of a 3-momentum of the K^+…
Probing strangeness with event topology classifiers in pp collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider with the rope hadronization mechanism in PYTHIA
本文使用PYTHIA 8模型结合色重连和绳状强子化机制，研究pp碰撞中奇异性增强的微观起源，发现带电粒子扁平度分类器最适合用于探究该现象。
Impact of Baryon anti-Baryon annihilation on hyperon ($Λ$, $\barΛ$) production and apparent strangeness enhancement in $\barΛ/\bar{p}$ in heavy ion collisions at SPS energy
研究重离子在SPS能量下碰撞时，用强子输运模型UrQMD探讨重子-反重子湮灭对超子产生及$\bar{\Lambda}$/$\bar{p}$比率的影响，发现$\bar{\Lambda}$/$\bar{p}$增强未必因奇异增强，重子-反重子湮灭起重要作用。
Persistence of charmed hadrons in QGP from lattice QCD
本文利用格点QCD计算粲数涨落累积量及其与守恒荷的关联，发现手征交叉温度以下粲热力学由粲强子主导，以上出现类粲夸克激发，但类粲强子激发在高达175 MeV时仍显著贡献部分粲压强。
The time-scales of rehadronization are considered for a baryon-free QGP at RHIC and LHC energies. The non-equilibrium nucleation scenario leads to mechanical instability of the supercooled QGP phase which then may be suddenly converted in a timelike deflagration from the supercooled state to a (super)heated hadronic matter. In a model simulation such a sudden process was indeed possible and satisfied energy and momentum conservation with non-decreasing entropy. It is possible to reach a hadronic state frozen out immediately after the timelike deflagration. If a TD leads to a simultaneous hadro…
Enhancement in strangeness yields in heavy-ion collisions is regarded as one of the attributes of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) along with jet quenching and final-state collectivity. To reproduce these effects in the MC implementation of the Lund string model in \pythia, the inclusion of non-perturbative mechanisms like string shoving and rope hadronization is crucial. In this proceeding, we discuss our latest implementation of these mechanisms and the preliminary results for the strangeness enhancement in high-multiplicity p-p, p-Pb and Xe-Xe. We conclude with remarks on the ongoing developmen…
The modifications of $D_s$-meson spectra in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions are identified as a quantitative probe of key properties of the hot nuclear medium. This is enabled by the unique valence-quark content of the $D_s$=$c\bar{s}$ which couples the well-known strangeness enhancement with the collective-flow pattern of primordially produced charm quarks. We employ a consistent strong-coupling treatment with hydrodynamic bulk evolution and nonperturbative $T$-matrix interactions for both heavy-quark diffusion and hadronization in the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). A large enhancement of t…
Charmed hadron chemistry and flow in heavy and light ion collisions at the LHC
本研究通过CLVisc流体动力学、改进Langevin模型和聚变-碎裂模型，系统研究了LHC能量下不同大小碰撞系统中粲强子化学和椭圆流，揭示了中心度和系统大小对粲强子比率和流的显著影响。
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