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arXiv 0712.1827astro-ph
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宇宙学模拟中的质量、金属和能量反馈

Mass, Metal, and Energy Feedback in Cosmological Simulations

Benjamin D. Oppenheimer, Romeel Davé

摘要:

使用Gadget-2宇宙流体动力学模拟,包括银河系外流的观测约束模型,我们研究了恒星形成的反馈如何在z=6->0的宇宙尺度上分布质量,金属和能量。我们包括瞬时富集II型超新星,延迟富集Ia型超新星和恒星(AGB)的质量损失,我们单独跟踪C,O,Si和Fe。继动量驱动的风缩放的成功,我们改进了我们的实施与飞行星系发现者获得风属性的基础上主机星系质量。通过对风粒子的跟踪模拟,我们发现:(1)风物质在星系上的再吸积时间与星系质量成反比。因此,被银河系超级风吹进IGM的金属不能被假定永远离开它们的星系。风中的物质通常会被循环多次;对于一个给定的风粒子来说,喷射的中值次数是3次,所以到z=0时,风中喷射的总质量超过0.5Ω_b。(2)风传播的物理距离与红移和星系质量(60-100物理千秒差距)相当无关。对于较大的星系在较晚的时期,风通常不会逃离星系晕,并在光晕喷泉中下雨。高z星系丰富了IGM的一个显着更大的共动体积,金属迁移回星系到较低的z。(3)传递到风中的能量与M_{gal} ^{1/3}成比例,而来自SNe之外的另一个来源的能量(例如来自年轻恒星的光子)可能需要分布所观察到的宇宙金属。(4)在所有时期,追踪的所有4种金属的生产都由II型SNe在全球主导。然而,由于非II型来源,簇内气体铁含量增加了两倍,并且低z IGM碳含量受到AGB反馈的推动。

英文摘要:

Using Gadget-2 cosmological hydrodynamic simulations including an observationally-constrained model for galactic outflows, we investigate how feedback from star formation distributes mass, metals, and energy on cosmic scales from z=6->0. We include instantaneous enrichment from Type II SNe, delayed enrichment from Type Ia SNe and stellar (AGB) mass loss, and we individually track C, O, Si, and Fe. Following on the successes of the momentum-driven wind scalings, we improve our implementation with an on-the-fly galaxy finder to derive wind properties based on host galaxy masses. By tracking wind particles in a suite of simulations, we find: (1) Wind material reaccretes onto a galaxy on a recycling timescale that varies inversely with galaxy mass. Hence metals driven into the IGM by galactic superwinds cannot be assumed to leave their galaxy forever. Wind material is typically recycled several times; the median number of ejections for a given wind particle is 3, so by z=0 the total mass ejected in winds exceeds 0.5Ω_b. (2) The physical distance winds travel is fairly independent of redshift and galaxy mass (60-100 physical kpc). For sizable galaxies at later epochs, winds typically do not escape the galaxy halo, and rain back down in a halo fountain. High-z galaxies enrich a significantly larger comoving volume of the IGM, with metals migrating back into galaxies to lower z. (3) The energy imparted into winds scales with M_{gal}^{1/3}, and energy from another source besides SNe (such as photons from young stars) may be required to distributed cosmic metals as observed. (4) The production of all 4 metals tracked is globally dominated by Type II SNe at all epochs. However, intracluster gas iron content triples as a result of non-Type II sources, and the low-z IGM carbon content is boosted by AGB feedback.

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