对称性能量的约束：同位旋物理从库仑势垒到解除束缚的历程
Constraining the Symmetry Energy: A Journey in the Isospin Physics from Coulomb Barrier to Deconfinement
摘要：
重离子碰撞（HIC）是探测非饱和区介质内核相互作用的一种独特工具。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个选择的反应观测耗散碰撞特别敏感的相互作用的矢量部分，即对称项的核物质状态方程（EoS）。在低能量下，饱和周围的对称能的行为影响耗散和碎片产生机制。我们将首先讨论最近观察到的动态偶极辐射，由于集体中子质子振荡期间的电荷平衡在聚变和深非弹性碰撞。强调重要的Iso-EOS效应。由不稳定的132 Sn束引起的反应似乎是非常有前途的工具来测试欠饱和Isovector EoS。新的同位旋敏感的观测值也提出了深非弹性，碎裂碰撞和同位旋平衡测量（不平衡比）。高密度对称项可以从相对论能量（几个AGeV范围）重离子反应的同位旋效应中推导出来，这甚至可以允许对强子介质中等矢量相互作用的协变结构进行“直接”研究。相当敏感的观测建议从集体流动和π/K介子生产。最后提出了在重子和同位旋密度较高时，向强子-夸克混合相跃迁的可能性。一些特征可能来自预期的“中子俘获”效应。最后强调了研究从低能到相对论能的放射性核束猛烈碰撞的重要性。
英文摘要：
Heavy Ion Collisions (HIC) represent a unique tool to probe the in-medium nuclear interaction in regions away from saturation. In this work we present a selection of reaction observables in dissipative collisions particularly sensitive to the isovector part of the interaction, i.e. to the symmetry term of the nuclear Equation of State (EoS). At low energies the behavior of the symmetry energy around saturation influences dissipation and fragment production mechanisms. We will first discuss the recently observed Dynamical Dipole Radiation, due to a collective neutron-proton oscillation during the charge equilibration in fusion and deep-inelastic collisions. Important Iso-EOS effects are stressed. Reactions induced by unstable 132Sn beams appear to be very promising tools to test the sub-saturation Isovector EoS. New Isospin sensitive observables are also presented for deep-inelastic, fragmentation collisions and Isospin equilibration measurements (Imbalance Ratios). The high density symmetry term can be derived from isospin effects on heavy ion reactions at relativistic energies (few AGeV range), that can even allow a ``direct'' study of the covariant structure of the isovector interaction in the hadron medium. Rather sensitive observables are proposed from collective flows and from pion/kaon production. The possibility of the transition to a mixed hadron-quark phase, at high baryon and isospin density, is finally suggested. Some signatures could come from an expected ``neutron trapping'' effect. The importance of studying violent collisions with radioactive beams from low to relativistic energies is finally stressed.
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