阿穆塞-室女岛低质量椭球体中的超大质量黑洞
AMUSE-Virgo I. Super-massive black holes in low-mass spheroids
摘要：
本文介绍了对室女星系团中早型星系的活动星系核多波长巡天（AMUSE-Virgo）的首次观测结果。这一大型方案利用钱德拉X射线天文台上的先进CCD成像光谱仪和斯皮策空间望远镜上的多波段成像光度计，以100个早期星系为目标，目的是对本地宇宙中的低级超大质量黑洞活动进行公正的普查。在这里，我们报告了钱德拉对前16个目标的观测结果，并将它们与另一个通常更大规模的16个目标的档案数据相结合。在50%的星系中检测到从与光学核重合的位置发出的点状X射线（下降到我们的完整性极限~ 4 E +38 erg/sec）。其中两个X射线核心所在的星系（VCC 1178 =N4464和VCC 1297 = N4486 B）的绝对B星等都比-18暗，在这些星系中，有核星团变得越来越普遍。在仔细考虑了来自低质量X射线双星的可能污染后，我们认为检测到的核X射线源最有可能是由SMBH上的低水平吸积提供动力的，在VCC 1178中污染的可能性<11%，其中星团在哈勃太空望远镜的档案图像中几乎无法分辨。根据宿主星系的整体性质估计的黑洞质量，所有探测到的核都是高度亚爱丁顿核，光度范围为-8.4<log（L_0.3- 10 keV/L_Edd）<-5.9。X射线活动的发生率随宿主星系的恒星质量M_star的增加而增加：在M_star<1 E +10 M_Sun的星系中，只有3-44%的星系具有X射线活动的SMBH。在恒星质量超过1 E +10 M_Sun的星系中，这一比例上升到49-87%之间（在95%的置信水平上）。
英文摘要：
We present the first results from the AGN Multiwavelength Survey of Early-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster (AMUSE-Virgo). This large program targets 100 early-type galaxies with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer on board the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Multi-band Imaging Photometer on board the Spitzer Space Telescope, with the aim of providing an unbiased census of low-level super-massive black hole (SMBH) activity in the local universe. Here we report on the Chandra observations of the first 16 targets, and combine them with results from archival data of another, typically more massive, 16 targets. Point-like X-ray emission from a position coincident with the optical nucleus is detected in 50% of the galaxies (down to our completeness limit of ~4E+38 erg/sec). Two of the X-ray nuclei are hosted by galaxies (VCC1178=N4464 and VCC1297=N4486B) with absolute B magnitudes fainter than -18, where nuclear star clusters are known to become increasingly common. After carefully accounting for possible contamination from low mass X-ray binaries, we argue that the detected nuclear X-ray sources are most likely powered by low-level accretion on to a SMBH, with a <11% chance contamination in VCC1178, where a star cluster is barely resolvable in archival Hubble Space Telescope images. Based on black hole mass estimates from the global properties of the host galaxies, all the detected nuclei are highly sub-Eddington, with luminosities in the range -8.4<log(L_0.3-10keV/L_Edd)<-5.9. The incidence of nuclear X-ray activity increases with the stellar mass M_star of the host galaxy: only between 3-44% of the galaxies with M_star<1E+10 M_Sun harbor an X-ray active SMBH. The fraction rises to between 49-87% in galaxies with stellar mass above 1E+10 M_Sun (at the 95% confidence level).
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