The group of 7 thermally emitting and radio-quiet isolated neutron stars (INSs) discovered by ROSAT constitutes a nearby population which locally appears to be as numerous as that of the classical radio pulsars. So far, attempts to enlarge this particular group of INSs finding more remote objects failed to confirm any candidate. We found in the 2XMMp catalogue a handful of sources with no catalogued counterparts and with X-ray spectra similar to those of the ROSAT discovered INSs, but seen at larger distances and thus undergoing higher interstellar absorptions. In order to rule out alternative identifications such as an AGN or a CV, we obtained deep ESO-VLT and SOAR optical imaging for the X-ray brightest candidates. We report here on the current status of our search and discuss the possible nature of our candidates. We focus particularly on the X-ray brightest source of our sample, 2XMM J104608.7-594306, observed serendipitously over more than four years by the XMM-Newton Observatory. A lower limit on the X-ray to optical flux ratio of ~ 300 together with a stable flux and soft X-ray spectrum make it the most promising thermally emitting INS candidate. Beyond the finding of new members, our study aims at constraining the space density of this population at large distances and at determining whether their apparently high local density is an anomaly or not.
Temperature distribution in magnetized neutron star crusts. II. The effect of a strong toroidal component
我们继续研究了强磁场对磁化中子星(NS)地壳温度分布的影响及其对可观测表面温度的影响。扩展Geppert et al.(2004),我们考虑更复杂,因此,更现实,磁场结构,但仍然限制自己的轴对称配置。我们特别强调了环向场分量的热覆盖效应。我们表明,不对称的温度分布可能会发生和一个地壳场组成的偶极向和环向分量将导致一个极点是大于相对的。这两个温暖的地区可以被一个延伸的冷赤道带分开。我们提出了一个内部磁场结构,可以解释这两个X射线和光谱的孤立NS RXJ 1856-3754。我们调查所得到的表面温度分布上的可观察到的光变曲线,一个孤立的热发射NS会产生不同的字段的几何形状的影响。光变曲线在定性(偏离正弦曲线)和定量(对于相同的观测几何形状,较大的脉冲分数)上都不同于具有等温地壳的NS。这为通过模拟NS的X射线光变曲线和光谱来确定NS的内部磁场强度和结构提供了可能性。我们的模型计算所观察到的光谱和脉冲轮廓孤立的热发射NS的惊人的相似之处是一个迹象的存在,强磁场组件维持地壳电流。
Crustal Heating and Quiescent Emission from Transiently Accreting Neutron Stars
发生在瞬时吸积的中子星地壳深处的核反应有效地将核心维持在> 5e 7 K的温度。当吸积停止时,包层松弛到由来自热核的通量设定的热平衡,就好像中子星刚刚诞生。对于典型的低质量X射线瞬态的时间平均吸积率,标准中微子冷却是不重要的,核心热再辐射沉积的热量。由此产生的光度与从几颗静止的瞬变中子星观测到的光度大小相同。这一机制的证实将有力地限制中子星的快速中微子冷却机制。热辐射以前被认为是静态辐射的主要来源,因为黑体光谱拟合暗示了一个比中子星表面小得多的辐射区域。然而,与射电望远镜的热辐射一样,与实际出射光谱的拟合将意味着一个大得多的发射区域。其他发射机制,如吸积或脉冲星冲击,也可以在静止状态下运行,并在短时间内产生强度和光谱变化。事实上,静态吸积可能会在静态光谱中产生引力红移的金属光电离边缘(可以用AXAF和XMM检测到)。讨论了Aql~X-1的观测结果,指出球状星团中的低光度X射线源和Be星/X射线瞬变是未来研究的极好候选者。