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arXiv 0710.0784astro-ph
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光球相型II超新星光谱的时间效应

Time-dependent Effects in Photospheric-Phase Type II Supernova Spectra

Luc Dessart, D. John Hillier

摘要:

II型超新星(SNe)的光谱模型通常假设为稳态。根据Utrobin和Chugai最近的建议,但使用1D非LTE线覆盖模式大气代码CMFGEN,我们研究了统计和辐射平衡方程中出现的时间依赖项的影响。我们的讨论的基础上的喷出物的性质和光谱特征,从随时间变化的模拟,调查不同的喷出物配置,并涵盖他们的演变从一天到六个星期后,冲击爆发。与等效稳态模型相比,我们的时间依赖模型产生的SN喷出物系统地过度电离,在爆炸后一周影响氦,但最终在几周后影响所有离子。虽然连续谱基本上保持不变,但对观测到的谱线的时间依赖性影响很大。在重组时期,HI线和NaID是相当强大和广泛的比在等效的稳态模型,而CaII8500A被削弱。如果考虑到时间依赖性,在5875A和10830A的HeI谱线在一周内出现约3倍的强度,并且HeI 10830A即使在爆炸后6周仍保持蓝移吸收特征。时间依赖性通过来自电离和激发的变化的能量增益来操作,并且可能更普遍地跨越SN类型,来自复合和膨胀之间的竞争,这反过来又可以受到光学深度效应的影响。我们的时间相关模型与低光度低速SN 1999br和更标准的SN 1999em的观测结果相比,再现了复合时期的H α线强度,并且不需要对镍混合的大小设置非物理要求。

英文摘要:

Spectroscopic modeling of Type II supernovae (SNe) generally assumes steady-state. Following the recent suggestion of Utrobin & Chugai, but using the 1D non-LTE line-blanketed model atmosphere code CMFGEN, we investigate the effects of including time-dependent terms that appear in the statistical and radiative equilibrium equations. We base our discussion on the ejecta properties and the spectroscopic signatures obtained from time-dependent simulations, investigating different ejecta configurations, and covering their evolution from one day to six weeks after shock breakout. Compared to equivalent steady-state models, our time-dependent models produce SN ejecta that are systematically over-ionized, affecting helium at one week after explosion, but ultimately affecting all ions after a few weeks. While the continuum remains essentially unchanged, time-dependence effects on observed spectral lines are large. At the recombination epoch, HI lines and NaID are considerably stronger and broader than in equivalent steady-state models, while CaII8500A is weakened. If time dependence is allowed for, the HeI lines at 5875A and 10830A appear about 3 times stronger at one week, and HeI10830A persists as a blue-shifted absorption feature even at 6 weeks after explosion. Time dependence operates through the energy gain from changes in ionization and excitation, and, perhaps more universally across SN types, from the competition between recombination and expansion, which in-turn, can be affected by optical-depth effects. Our time-dependent models compare well with observations of the low-luminosity low-velocity SN 1999br and the more standard SN 1999em, reproducing the Halpha line strength at the recombination epoch, and without the need for setting unphysical requirements on the magnitude of nickel mixing.

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