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新视野冥王星柯伊伯带任务:历史背景概述

The New Horizons Pluto Kuiper belt Mission: An Overview with Historical Context

S. Alan Stern

摘要:

新视野号的冥王星-柯伊伯带(英语:Pluto-Kuiper belt)任务于2006年1月19日在木星重力辅助(英语:Jupiter Gravity Assist)轨道上发射,并于2015年7月14日最接近冥王星系统; 2007年2月28日最接近木星。它于2001年11月29日被美国航天局竞争性地选中进行开发。新视野号是冥王星系统和柯伊伯带的第一个任务;并将完成对经典行星的侦察。这艘重约400公斤的航天器携带了7个科学仪器,包括成像仪、光谱仪、无线电科学、等离子体和粒子套件以及由大学生建造的尘埃计数器。NH将在2015年初开始的5个月内研究冥王星系统。在冥王星之后,NH将继续侦察一个或两个直径30-50公里的柯伊伯带天体(KBO),如果NASA批准延长任务的话。如果成功,NH将代表太阳系一类新天体科学探索的分水岭发展--矮行星、表面具有外来挥发物的世界、快速(可能是流体动力学)逃逸的大气层以及巨大撞击衍生的卫星系统。它还将提供超过18 AU的第一个尘埃密度测量,揭示古代和现代KB撞击物人口的陨石坑记录,以及一个关键的比较器,以令人困惑的活跃,前矮行星(现在是海王星的卫星)称为海卫一,它与厄里斯和冥王星一样大。

英文摘要:

NASA's New Horizons (NH) Pluto-Kuiper belt (PKB) mission was launched on 19 January 2006 on a Jupiter Gravity Assist (JGA) trajectory toward the Pluto system for a 14 July 2015 closest approach; Jupiter closest approach occurred on 28 February 2007. It was competitively selected by NASA for development on 29 November 2001. New Horizons is the first mission to the Pluto system and the Kuiper belt; and will complete the reconnaissance of the classical planets. The ~400 kg spacecraft carries seven scientific instruments, including imagers, spectrometers, radio science, a plasma and particles suite, and a dust counter built by university students. NH will study the Pluto system over a 5-month period beginning in early 2015. Following Pluto, NH will go on to reconnoiter one or two 30-50 kilometer diameter Kuiper belt Objects (KBOs), if NASA approves an extended mission. If successful, NH will represent a watershed development in the scientific exploration of a new class of bodies in the solar system - dwarf planets, of worlds with exotic volatiles on their surfaces, of rapidly (possibly hydrodynamically) escaping atmospheres, and of giant impact derived satellite systems. It will also provide the first dust density measurements beyond 18 AU, cratering records that shed light on both the ancient and present-day KB impactor population down to tens of meters, and a key comparator to the puzzlingly active, former dwarf planet (now satellite of Neptune) called Triton, which is as large as Eris and Pluto.

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