用活动星系核加热热大气
Heating Hot Atmospheres with Active Galactic Nuclei
摘要：
星系团中热气的高分辨率X射线光谱显示，气体并没有以每年数百到数千个太阳质量的预测速度冷却到低温。X射线图像揭示了热气体中的巨大空洞和激波锋面，这为测量活动星系核（AGN）注入热大气的能量提供了一种直接和相对可靠的方法。在孤立的巨型椭圆星系中，以及在最大的星系团中，平均射电喷流功率接近抵消辐射损失和抑制冷却所需的功率。这种巧合表明，加热和冷却是通过反馈耦合的，这抑制了恒星的形成和发光星系的生长。射流能量如何转化为热量，以及其他加热机制的作用程度，例如。热传导，并没有很好地理解。爆发的能量需要大量的后期生长的超大质量黑洞。除非所有抑制恒星形成所需的大约10E62 erg都沉积在星团的冷却区域，否则活动星系核的爆发必定会改变星团内介质的大尺度性质。
英文摘要：
High resolution X-ray spectroscopy of the hot gas in galaxy clusters has shown that the gas is not cooling to low temperatures at the predicted rates of hundreds to thousands of solar masses per year. X-ray images have revealed giant cavities and shock fronts in the hot gas that provide a direct and relatively reliable means of measuring the energy injected into hot atmospheres by active galactic nuclei (AGN). Average radio jet powers are near those required to offset radiative losses and to suppress cooling in isolated giant elliptical galaxies, and in larger systems up to the richest galaxy clusters. This coincidence suggests that heating and cooling are coupled by feedback, which suppresses star formation and the growth of luminous galaxies. How jet energy is converted to heat and the degree to which other heating mechanisms are contributing, eg. thermal conduction, are not well understood. Outburst energies require substantial late growth of supermassive black holes. Unless all of the approximately 10E62 erg required to suppress star formation is deposited in the cooling regions of clusters, AGN outbursts must alter large-scale properties of the intracluster medium.
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