大质量黑洞的演化
Evolution of massive black holes
摘要：
超大质量黑洞现在被认为存在于大多数本地星系中。气体的吸积和黑洞的合并在决定定义黑洞的两个参数：质量和自旋方面起着根本性的作用。我在这里简要地回顾一些有利于大质量黑洞种群演化的物理过程。我将讨论可能发生在宇宙早期的黑洞形成过程，以及大质量黑洞如何在分层宇宙中演化。我们今天在附近星系中探测到的黑洞的质量大多是通过气体的吸积而积累起来的。虽然黑洞-黑洞合并对大质量黑洞的最终质量没有实质性的贡献，但它们会影响黑洞对星系中心的占据，因为合并的黑洞有可能由于引力反冲而被踢出它们的住所。同样，吸积比黑洞合并对黑洞自旋分布的影响更深。椭圆星系和盘星系中黑洞吸积历史的差异可能反映在不同的自旋分布上。
英文摘要：
Supermassive black holes are nowadays believed to reside in most local galaxies. Accretion of gas and black hole mergers play a fundamental role in determining the two parameters defining a black hole: mass and spin. I briefly review here some of the physical processes that are conducive to the evolution of the massive black hole population. I'll discuss black hole formation processes that are likely to place at early cosmic epochs, and how massive black hole evolve in a hierarchical Universe. The mass of the black holes that we detect today in nearby galaxy has mostly been accumulated by accretion of gas. While black hole--black hole mergers do not contribute substantially to the final mass of massive black holes, they influence the occupancy of galaxy centers by black hole, owing to the chance of merging black holes being kicked from their dwellings due to the gravitational recoil. Similarly, accretion leaves a deeper imprint on the distribution of black hole spins than black hole mergers do. The differences in accretion histories for black holes hosted in elliptical or disc galaxies may reflect on different spin distributions.
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