复杂多细胞生物中三种复制策略的比较：无性复制，相同配子的有性复制，以及不同精子和卵配子的有性复制
A comparison of three replication strategies in complex multicellular organisms: Asexual replication, sexual replication with identical gametes, and sexual replication with distinct sperm and egg gametes
摘要：
本文研究了三种简化复制模型中的突变-选择平衡。第一个模型考虑通过产生无性孢子进行复制的生物种群。第二个模型考虑的是一个产生相同配子的有性复制种群。第三个模型考虑的是一个有性繁殖的种群，它产生不同的精子和卵子配子。所有的模型都假定二倍体生物的基因组由两条染色体组成，如果每一条染色体与某个主序列相等，则认为它们是功能性的，否则就认为它们是缺陷性的。在无性种群中，无性二倍体孢子直接发育成成虫。在有性群体中，单倍体配子进入一个单倍体池，在那里它们可能与其他单倍体融合。由此产生的不成熟的二倍体生物体然后继续发育成成熟的生物体。基于对所有三种模型的分析，我们发现，随着生物体大小的增加，如果成年生物体产生不同的精子和卵子配子，有性复制种群只能胜过无性复制种群。一种基于产生大量精子细胞使少量卵子受精的有性复制策略被发现是必要的，以保持足够低的性成本，从而使该策略被选择而不是纯粹的无性策略。我们讨论了这个模型的有用性，在复杂的，多细胞生物体中的首选复制策略，了解性复制的进化和维护。
英文摘要：
This paper studies the mutation-selection balance in three simplified replication models. The first model considers a population of organisms replicating via the production of asexual spores. The second model considers a sexually replicating population that produces identical gametes. The third model considers a sexually replicating population that produces distinct sperm and egg gametes. All models assume diploid organisms whose genomes consist of two chromosomes, each of which is taken to be functional if equal to some master sequence, and defective otherwise. In the asexual population, the asexual diploid spores develop directly into adult organisms. In the sexual populations, the haploid gametes enter a haploid pool, where they may fuse with other haploids. The resulting immature diploid organisms then proceed to develop into mature organisms. Based on an analysis of all three models, we find that, as organism size increases, a sexually replicating population can only outcompete an asexually replicating population if the adult organisms produce distinct sperm and egg gametes. A sexual replication strategy that is based on the production of large numbers of sperm cells to fertilize a small number of eggs is found to be necessary in order to maintain a sufficiently low cost for sex for the strategy to be selected for over a purely asexual strategy. We discuss the usefulness of this model in understanding the evolution and maintenance of sexual replication as the preferred replication strategy in complex, multicellular organisms.
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