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arXiv 0706.3554astro-ph
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用星系周围卫星的运动检验引力:牛顿引力与修正的牛顿动力学

Testing gravity with motion of satellites around galaxies: Newtonian gravity against Modified Newtonian Dynamics

A. Klypin, F. Prada

摘要:

卫星星系在50-500 kpc距离上围绕正常星系的运动为理论提供了一个敏感的测试。我们研究了斯隆数字巡天中孤立星系周围卫星的表面密度和速度。我们发现卫星表面的数密度随投影距离的增加呈幂律下降,斜率为-1.5-2。均方根速度逐渐下降:观测排除了10 sigma水平的恒定速度。我们发现,观测数据强烈支持标准模型:所有三个主要的统计卫星的数量密度分布,视线的速度色散,和速度的分布函数-同意非常好的标准宇宙模型的预测。因此,标准模型的成功扩展到(50-500)千磅级,比以前考虑的要低得多。MOND在这些尺度上失败的模型,假设任何单一的幂律数密度分布的卫星和任何恒定的速度各向异性预测近恒定的均方根速度的卫星。卫星数据可以通过微调模型来拟合,这需要(1)特定的非幂律密度分布,(2)距离很远的径向轨道(在200-300 kpc时速度各向异性β =0.6-0.7),以及(3)比星系中发现的恒星质量大2-2.5倍。外部重力--MOND的一个必要组成部分--使情况变得更糟。我们认为,结合卫星数据和恒星质量的观测限制,使这些模型非常成问题。

英文摘要:

The motion of satellite galaxies around normal galaxies at distances 50-500 kpc provides a sensitive test for the theories. We study the surface density and the velocities of satellites around isolated galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We find that the surface number-density of satellites declines with the projected distance as a power law with the slope -1.5-2. The rms velocities gradually decline: observations exclude constant velocities at a 10 sigma level. We show that observational data strongly favor the standard model: all three major statistics of satellites - the number-density profile, the line-of-sight velocity dispersion, and the distribution function of the velocities -- agree remarkably well with the predictions of the standard cosmological model. Thus, that the success of the standard model extends to scales (50-500) kpc, much lower than what was previously considered. MOND fails on these scales for models which assume any single power-law number-density profile of satellites and any constant velocity anisotropy by predicting nearly constant rms velocities of satellites. Satellite data can be fit by fine-tuned models, which require (1) specific non-power-law density profile, (2) very radial orbits at large distances (velocity anisotropy beta =0.6-0.7 at 200-300 kpc), and (3) 2-2.5 times more stellar mass than what is found in the galaxies. The external gravity force - a necessary component for MOND -- makes the situation even worse. We argue that a combination of satellite data and observational constraints on stellar masses make these models very problematic.

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