现在公认的事实是,沙丘从平坦的沙床形成的大小以及它们的“最小大小”与通量饱和长度成比例。这个长度定义为最慢模式向平衡输运的弛豫长度。Parteli、Duran和Herrmann提出的模型[Phys. Rev. E 75,011301(2007)]预测,随着风切应力的倒数远离阈值,饱和长度减小到零。我们首先证明了他们的模型是不自洽的:即使在大风下,弛豫速率也受到颗粒惯性的限制,因此不能降到零。这些作者提出的一个关键论点来自对火星上典型沙丘波长(650米)的讨论,在此基础上,他们驳斥了Claudin和Andreotti [Earth Pla. Sci. Lett. 252,30(2006)]。相反,他们认为火星沙丘是由大颗粒(500微米)组成的,是在过去的强风下形成的。我们表明,这种跳跃的晶粒尺寸,估计从热扩散测量,是不可靠的。此外,火星车在火星风成岩层上拍摄的显微照片显示,颗粒大小为87 ± 25微米,还有毫米级的赤铁矿小球。由于这些所谓的“蓝莓”不能被合理的风夹带,我们得出结论,火星上跳跃的谷物是小的,这给了第二个强有力的论据反对Parteli等人的模型。
英文摘要:
It is now an accepted fact that the size at which dunes form from a flat sand bed as well as their `minimal size' scales on the flux saturation length. This length is by definition the relaxation length of the slowest mode toward equilibrium transport. The model presented by Parteli, Duran and Herrmann [Phys. Rev. E 75, 011301 (2007)] predicts that the saturation length decreases to zero as the inverse of the wind shear stress far from the threshold. We first show that their model is not self-consistent: even under large wind, the relaxation rate is limited by grain inertia and thus can not decrease to zero. A key argument presented by these authors comes from the discussion of the typical dune wavelength on Mars (650 m) on the basis of which they refute the scaling of the dune size with the drag length evidenced by Claudin and Andreotti [Earth Pla. Sci. Lett. 252, 30 (2006)]. They instead propose that Martian dunes, composed of large grains (500 micrometers), were formed in the past under very strong winds. We show that this saltating grain size, estimated from thermal diffusion measurements, is not reliable. Moreover, the microscopic photographs taken by the rovers on Martian aeolian bedforms show a grain size of 87 plus or minus 25 micrometers together with hematite spherules at millimetre scale. As those so-called ``blueberries'' can not be entrained by reasonable winds, we conclude that the saltating grains on Mars are the small ones, which gives a second strong argument against the model of Parteli et al.
Barchan dune corridors: field characterization and investigation of control parameters
定量研究了位于Tarfaya和阿尤恩(大西洋撒哈拉,摩洛哥)之间的新月形油田的结构,并与La Pampa de la Joya(秘鲁阿雷基帕)的结构进行了比较。在实地测量的基础上,我们展示了如何体积,速度和输出沙通量的沙丘可以计算从它的身体和喇叭宽度的值。沙丘的大小分布是从航空照片的分析。它表明,这些领域是在统计上均匀的状态沿风向,并提出了一个“走廊”的结构,在横向上,沙丘有一个相当好的选择的大小。调查可能的外部参数控制这些走廊,我们表明,地形,粒度,风和沙通量之间没有相关的。最后,我们将讨论在这些领域中工作的动力学过程(碰撞和风的波动),并研究它们如何调节沙丘的大小。此外,我们表明,整体沙通量运输的沙丘领域是小于最大的运输,可以达到在没有沙丘,即在坚实的地面上跳跃。
Three dimensional dunes of crescentic shape, called barchans, are commonly found on Earth and other planetary environments. In the great majority of cases, barchans are organized in large fields in which corridors of size-selected barchans are observed, and where barchan-barchan interactions play an important role in size regulation. Previous studies shed light on the interactions between barchans by making use of monodisperse particles, but dunes in nature consist, however, of polydisperse grains. In this paper, we investigate the binary interactions of barchans consisting of (i) bidisperse m…
Role of transverse displacements in the formation of subaqueous barchan dunes
新月形沙丘,又称新月形沙丘,是由流体作用于颗粒床而形成的。这些底形在许多环境中是常见的,存在于水下或空中,并且由以不同初始排列组织的颗粒形成。虽然它们在自然界和工业中经常被发现,但关于它们发展的细节仍有待了解。在最近的一篇论文[C。A. Alvarez和E. M. Franklin,Phys. Rev. E 96,062906(2017)],我们提出了一个基于角生长的单个barchans发展和平衡的时间尺度。在这封信中,我们报告了在颗粒尺度上角的生长测量。在我们的实验中,圆锥形堆被放置在一个封闭的管道和单个颗粒跟踪每个堆,在水流的作用下,演变成新月形沙丘。我们确定了迁移到生长角的颗粒的轨迹,并发现它们中的大多数来自初始堆外围的上游区域,平均位移为堆大小的顺序。此外,我们表明,个别晶粒有横向位移滚动和滑动,是不可忽略的,其中许多人去周围的堆。我们的实验揭示的角形成的机制与一般的图片,新月形角形成的沙丘侧面的前进,由于迁移速度与沙丘大小的倒数缩放。我们的研究结果改变了水下新月形沙丘的生长方式。
Shape evolution of numerically obtained subaqueous barchan dunes
在颗粒床形领域,新月形沙丘是强吸引物,可以在河流,陆地沙漠和其他行星环境中找到。这些床型的特征是新月形,虽然坚固,但根据它们所处的环境呈现不同的尺度,它们的长度尺度从水下的分米到火星上的公里不等。除了底形的尺度,颗粒的运输根据夹带流体的性质呈现出显着的差异,因此,barchans的生长有待充分理解。由于水下新月形沙丘的长度和时间尺度较小,是研究新月形沙丘生长的理想对象。在本文中,我们数值重现了Alvarez和Franklin的实验[Phys. Rev. E 96,062906(2017)和Phys. Rev. Lett. 121,164503(2018)]关于barchans从它们的开始直到它们达到稳定形状的形状演变。采用计算流体动力学-离散元法(CFD-DEM)计算了河床演变过程,在相同的初始和边界条件下,将离散元法与大涡模拟(LES)相结合,在封闭管道中进行了实验,在湍流状态下水流的作用下,最初的锥形堆积演变为单个barchans。我们的模拟捕捉到的演变,以及初始桩向新月形沙丘在床形和颗粒尺度,在实验中观察到相同的特征时间和长度。此外,我们得到了当地的颗粒通量和合力作用在每个颗粒上,后者尚未以前测量或计算。这表明,目前的方法是适当的数值计算的底形,打开新的可能性,从目前的实验中无法获得的数据访问。
Barchans are crescent-shaped dunes commonly found in diverse environments and scales: from the 10-cm-long barchans found under water to the 1-km-long barchans on Mars, passing by the 100-m-long dunes on Earth's deserts. Although ubiquitous in nature, there is a lack of grain-scale computations of the growth and evolution of those bedforms. In this paper, we investigate the values of grain properties (coefficients of sliding friction, rolling friction and restitution) necessary to carry out numerical simulations of subaqueous barchans with CFD-DEM (computational fluid dynamics - discrete elemen…