相对论涨落定理：理论和明确的例子
Relativistic Fluctuation Theorems: Theory and explicit examples
摘要：
为了揭示非平衡物理和相对论如何相互干扰，本文研究了宇宙膨胀下的相对论性布朗运动。两个波动定理的熵ds，这是本地产生的极端非平衡的情况下，提出并证明。第一个，<exp（-ds）>=1，是热力学第二定律的推广，在相对论粒子能量和高宇宙膨胀率下仍然有效。从这个关系式可以得出，即使宇宙要坍缩，观测到熵局部减少的概率也是指数级的小。对于Einstein-de Sitter宇宙的特殊情况，导出了与第一个关系式同时成立的另一个关系式<exp（-ds-dh）>=1，其中dh与哈勃常数成正比.此外，涨落定理提供了一个物理判据，以解决已知的离散困境所产生的特殊相对论性布朗运动。明确的例子和非高斯熵波动的计算的一般方法。
英文摘要：
To reveal how nonequilibrium physics and relativity theory intertwine, this articles studies relativistic Brownian motion under cosmic expansion. Two fluctuation theorems for the entropy ds, which is locally produced in this extreme nonequilibrium situation, are presented and proven. The first, <exp(-ds)>=1, is a generalization of the second law of thermodynamics, that remains valid at relativistic particle energies and under high cosmic expansion rates. From this relation follows, that the probability to observe a local reduction of entropy is exponentially small even if the universe was to recollapse. For the special case of the Einstein-de Sitter universe an additional relation, <exp(-ds-dh)>=1, is derived which holds simultaneously with the first relation and where dh is proportional to the Hubble constant. Furthermore, the fluctuation theorems are shown to provide a physical criterion to resolve the known discretization dilemma arising in special-relativistic Brownian motion. Explicit examples and a general method for the computation of non-Gaussian entropy fluctuations are provided.
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