驱动涡系统的老化记忆和玻璃化
Ageing memory and glassiness of a driven vortex system
摘要：
自然界中的许多系统，例如玻璃、界面和裂缝，不能与它们的环境平衡，这引起了新的和令人惊讶的行为，如记忆效应、老化和非线性动力学。与平衡态系统不同，非平衡态系统的动力学通常过于复杂，无法用简单的宏观定律来描述。在这里，我们研究一个跨越玻璃和晶体之间的边界的系统：超导体中的涡旋形成的布拉格玻璃。我们发现，对施加的力的响应演变根据拉伸指数，与指数反映偏离平衡。在力被移除之后，系统随着时间而老化，其随后的响应时间与其年龄呈线性关系（简单老化），这意味着较老的系统比较年轻的系统慢。我们表明，简单的老化可以发生在存在足够的淬火无序自然。此外，时间尺度的分层分布，当松散的漩涡块不能移动之前，被困的被驱逐，导致拉伸指数响应。
英文摘要：
Many systems in nature, glasses, interfaces and fractures being some examples, cannot equilibrate with their environment, which gives rise to novel and surprising behaviour such as memory effects, ageing and nonlinear dynamics. Unlike their equilibrated counterparts, the dynamics of out-of- equilibrium systems is generally too complex to be captured by simple macroscopic laws. Here we investigate a system that straddles the boundary between glass and crystal: a Bragg glass formed by vortices in a superconductor. We find that the response to an applied force evolves according to a stretched exponential, with the exponent reflecting the deviation from equilibrium. After the force is removed, the system ages with time and its subsequent response time scales linearly with its age (simple ageing), meaning that older systems are slower than younger ones. We show that simple ageing can occur naturally in the presence of sufficient quenched disorder. Moreover, the hierarchical distribution of timescales, arising when chunks of loose vortices cannot move before trapped ones become dislodged, leads to a stretched-exponential response.
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