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arXiv 0705.0027astro-phhep-ph
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半相对论性超新星的高能宇宙射线和中微子

High-energy Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos from Semi-relativistic Hypernovae

Xiang-Yu Wang, Soebur Razzaque, Peter Meszaros, Zi-Gao Dai

备注：
Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D, 6 revtex pages, 1 figure
发表信息：
Phys.Rev.D76:083009,2007
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摘要：

超高能宇宙射线（UHE）的起源仍然是未知的，它来自CR光谱中的第二个膝关节（$\sim6\times10^{17}$ eV）。最近，有越来越多的证据表明，一种特殊类型的超新星，称为hypernovae，与亚高能伽马射线暴（GRB）有关，如SN 1998 bw/GRB 980425和SN 2003 lw/GRB 031203。这样的超新星似乎有高速度（直到温和的相对论）喷出物，这可能与次高能伽玛暴有关。假设超新星喷出物的动能是速度$E_k\propto (Γβ)^{-α}$的连续函数，用$α\sim 2$，我们发现：1）超新星高速喷出物产生的外激波能将质子加速到$10^{19} {\rm eV}$的能量，2）宇宙学超新星速率足以解释第二膝以上的能流;以及3）在这些能量下，CR的陡峭光谱可以在这些源中出现。此外，由于UHE CR与超新星光-紫外光子的$pγ$相互作用，超新星也会产生微弱的弥散UHE中微子通量。

英文摘要：

The origin of the ultrahigh-energy (UHE) cosmic rays (CRs) from the second knee ($\sim6\times10^{17}$eV) above in the CR spectrum is still unknown. Recently, there has been growing evidence that a peculiar type of supernovae, called hypernovae, are associated with sub-energetic gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), such as SN1998bw/GRB980425 and SN2003lw/GRB031203. Such hypernovae appear to have high (up to mildly relativistic) velocity ejecta, which may be linked to the sub-energetic GRBs. Assuming a continuous distribution of the kinetic energy of the hypernova ejecta as a function of its velocity $E_k\propto (Γβ)^{-α}$ with $α\sim 2$, we find that 1) the external shock wave produced by the high velocity ejecta of a hypernova can accelerate protons up to energies as high as $10^{19} {\rm eV}$; 2) the cosmological hypernova rate is sufficient to account for the energy flux above the second knee; and 3) the steeper spectrum of CRs at these energies can arise in these sources. In addition, hypernovae would also give rise to a faint diffuse UHE neutrino flux, due to $pγ$ interactions of the UHE CRs with hypernova optical-UV photons.

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