Studying the physical properties of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) is crucial for understanding their dynamical histories and origins, and assessing impact hazards to Earth. Tiny NEAs with diameters smaller than 100 m are intrinsically faint and are typically observable only during close approaches, resulting in few well-characterized objects. Furthermore, because these objects are often fast-moving and fast-rotating, sequential multiband photometry is prone to systematic offsets in derived colors. To mitigate this effect, we performed simultaneous $g$-, $r$-, and $i$-band photometry of three tiny NEAs using the TriColor CMOS Camera and Spectrograph (TriCCS) on the 3.8 m Seimei Telescope. We used high-cadence video observations with exposure times of 1 s and 5 s to investigate lightcurve variations on timescales of seconds. All three NEAs are confirmed as fast rotators with rotation periods shorter than 60 s: $15.281\pm0.002$ s for 2021 TY$_{14}$, $21.099\pm0.003$ s for 2021 UW$_{1}$, and $8.779\pm0.013$ s for 2022 GQ$_{1}$. The derived colors indicate that 2021 TY$_{14}$ belongs to the X-complex, while 2021 UW$_{1}$ and 2022 GQ$_{1}$ belong to the S-complex. Their positions in the diameter--rotation period diagram show that all three objects belong to the small, fast-rotating NEA population, with 2022 GQ$_{1}$ being the smallest and fastest-rotating among them with spectroscopic measurements. Analysis of the color time series suggests that the surfaces of observed NEAs are largely homogeneous, although 2021 TY$_{14}$ exhibits statistically significant $g-r$ color heterogeneity with a projected spot fraction of approximately 50%. For 2021 UW$_{1}$, minor localized variations of up to $\sim20$% in composition cannot be ruled out.

Neural-network quantum states (NQS) provide a flexible nonlinear representation of quantum many-body wavefunctions, but their efficiency depends sensitively on whether the architecture reflects the sign structure and constrained Hilbert space of the target state. In this work, we propose a solvable-point-guided strategy: design the architecture at an exactly solvable point where the correct local rules can be read off, then refine to the non-exact regime by enlarging only the kernel size and hidden dimension. The strategy is built from four physics-motivated designs: a stride-matched local-rule convolution, geometric pooling, a sign-resolving $\tanh(x^{2k+1})$ activation, and explicit spin-hole sector separation. We test this approach on quasi-one-dimensional valence-bond-solid (VBS) states and their doped soliton variants (sVBS), the exact ground states of a $t$-$J$-like model with a single mobile hole. In finite-size benchmarks, this architecture reaches high fidelity for the exact sVBS state with substantially fewer parameters than generic fully connected, convolutional, and transformer baselines tested under the same setup. For the spin sector, the learned local rule transfers from small to larger systems without retraining. Away from the solvable point, increasing kernel size and hidden dimension systematically improves accuracy, and the model shows approximately $L^2$ parameter scaling in the gapless regime for system size $L$, compared with approximately $L^4$ for matrix-product states in the same regime. Our work establishes a recipe for compact NQS in sign-structured, constrained Hilbert spaces and paves the pathway to physics-informed architectures for the broader $t$-$J$ and Hubbard families.

The neutrino sky below 165\,keV is yet to be explored. This region provides a unique probe of stellar cooling mechanisms through the detection of thermal solar neutrinos and the low-energy tail of the $pp$ solar cycle. Here, we investigate prospects for probing this regime via neutrino capture on tritium. Analyzing KATRIN public data, we set the first experimental bound on the thermal solar neutrino flux $Φ/Φ_{\mathrm{SSM}} < 1.86 \times 10^{18}$ at 95\%~CL ($1.58\times10^{18}$ at 90\%~CL), and show that a $100\;\text{kg}\cdot\text{yr}$ exposure would constrain the thermal solar neutrino component to $Φ/Φ_{\mathrm{SSM}} \lesssim 10^4$ and detect the low-energy $pp$ flux at the Standard Solar Model (SSM) level. Neutrino--electron elastic scattering from $pp$ cycle neutrinos are identified as an irreducible background for neutrino capture searches.

We present a population-level spectral analysis of fast radio bursts from the second CHIME/FRB catalog using three curvature-radiation-motivated templates: point-source, one-dimensional bunch, and paired-bunch cavity models. Fits are evaluated with reduced chi-squared $χ^2_r$, AIC/BIC, and the Ljung-Box residual autocorrelation test. All three templates yield median $χ^2_r$ values close to unity for both repeating and non-repeating bursts. Repeaters show narrower $χ^2_r$ distributions than non-repeaters, with statistically significant but modest population-level differences. AIC favours the one-dimensional bunch model for the largest fraction of sources, whereas BIC increases the relative preference for the simpler point-source model. However, residual autocorrelation remains widespread across all models: only 15%-21% of sources simultaneously satisfy goodness-of-fit and residual-independence criteria, indicating persistent structured residuals beyond the tested templates. These results suggest that while curvature-radiation-motivated geometries capture the dominant spectral envelope of many FRBs, additional physical ingredients or spectral components are required to describe the fine-scale spectral structure of the data. The inferred coherence scales are $\sim$16-18 cm for the one-dimensional model and $\sim$25-28 cm for the cavity model.

We study the no-jump evolution of ideal grid states in a lossy bosonic dimer with differential decay. The effective non-Hermitian quadratic dynamics induces a complex symplectic flow in phase space that deforms both the primitive lattice vectors and the origin seed. The average decay rate controls common attenuation, while coherent hopping and differential decay control the reduced dimer deformation. The reduced sector contains elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic regimes with imaginary spectra, an exceptional point, and real spectra, producing oscillatory, linear, and exponential lattice deformations. Although projected lattice areas can change, the deformation comes from a determinant-one complex symplectic flow on the full four-dimensional phase space. For a Gaussian regularization of the origin seed, we derive the associated complex width matrix and identify the positivity conditions that preserve Gaussian form. For an initial two-mode qunaught product state, the lossless limit recovers the standard beam-splitter generation of a square GKP$+$ Bell pair, while the no-jump dynamics produces its non-Hermitian deformation with a postselection cost set by the no-jump probability.

We derive an exact coarse graining of generic Markov-jump processes into observable semi-Markov dynamics. Exact results for waiting-time distributions for jumps between observable states are derived and proved that these decompose into conditionally independent dwell and transition times. Dwell times are proved to be a local property of mesostates - they depend on the initial but not final state. Conversely, transition-path times depend on both states, trigger kinetic hysteresis, and, under suitable conditions on the hidden sub-network, are shown to obey a reflection symmetry. We characterize the stationary properties of the milestoned dynamics, prove its thermodynamic consistency, and demonstrate robustness to milestone positioning. Surprisingly, even in the limit of a time-scale separation rendering the observed dynamics approximately Markovian, the effect of kinetic hysteresis on the dissipation persists. A minimal example shows how the results lay the foundation for inferring affinities of hidden dissipative cycles from observations of transition-path times.

Structured baths can reshape transport fluctuations in mesoscopic quantum devices, yet a predictive criterion for when this enhances precision has been lacking. We propose a route towards such precision advantages by utilizing bath memory in coherent fermionic transport through a noninteracting quantum-dot chain. Using the Landauer-Büttiker formalism, we derive a dual impedance-matching condition that synchronizes the conductor mode splitting, boundary dissipation, and bath bandwidth, and sustains constructive multimode interference across the transmission window. The analytical predictions for the optimal bath bandwidths show excellent agreement with exact nonequilibrium Green's function calculations of the transport for Lorentzian, Gaussian, and Newns spectral densities. The prescription yields an optimal bath bandwidth at which the current Fano factor is minimized and the thermodynamic and kinetic precision coefficients are simultaneously enhanced beyond their Markovian limits. The alignment of the optimal precision regime with the experimentally accessible current Fano factor minimum thus provides a practical strategy for designing precision-enhanced transport in mesoscopic platforms such as semiconductor quantum-dot arrays and ultracold fermionic channels.

We find exact solutions of a Liouville-type scalar field theory on $D$-dimensional de Sitter and anti-de Sitter backgrounds, treating the geometry as nondynamical. Using the embedding-space formalism with an auxiliary null vector, we derive first-order (Bäcklund-like) equations whose integrability yields the solution of the Liouville equation for the scalar field. This method produces two classes of analytic solutions, whose physical properties are different for de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spacetimes.

We present a dynamical mechanism for the erasure of inflationary isocurvature perturbations of the non-compact QCD axion. The key ingredient is an early-time runaway exponential potential, which drives the axion onto the well-known scaling cosmological attractor after inflation. Once on the attractor, the axion tracks the dominant component of the Universe, radiation, and isocurvature modes are erased even if the field is effectively massless during inflation. When the QCD potential turns on, the axion carries nonzero velocity, and kinetic misalignment can become operative. The exponential potential induces residual CP violation, potentially accessible to future electric dipole moment searches. This mechanism requires that the axion be effectively non-compact over the field range relevant for its post-inflationary evolution.

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) enables the repurposing of existing fiber-optic networks as ultra-dense, long-range seismic arrays for urban monitoring. However, constraints imposed by real-world fiber infrastructure topology and components limit its use for city-scale applications. Recent technological developments have paved the way for short-range, on-chip DAS. Assuming their availability, and based on a Graph Theory framework, we show that monitoring applications fall along a coverage spectrum with two critical thresholds that define three distinct regimes. Low coverage (<10%) can, with optimal design, resolve earthquake early warning, groundwater monitoring, geological mapping, and urban activity tracking. A percolation transition occurs at 51.6% coverage, beyond which the city effectively becomes fully covered and statistical traffic monitoring is possible. Only for effectively complete coverage, infrastructure monitoring, individual vehicle tracking, and pedestrian movement analysis become possible. Thus, privacy-related risks remain very low. We show and exemplify how, for metropolises around the world, an optimal sensing network can be designed for earthquake early warning, traffic monitoring, and urban activity tracking. This framework provides a near-future roadmap for deploying urban DAS networks as a backbone of smart city sensing.

Understanding the ionic transport and scaling behaviors in nanopore arrays is essential for bridging fundamental ion physics and blue energy applications. By fabricating sub-3 nm and sub-20 nm diameter nanopore arrays (NPAs) spanning from few pores to N ~ 10000, we systematically investigate ionic conductance, ion current rectification, and osmotic energy conversion. We report the ionic conductance scaling laws and nonlinearity with nanopore number, with stronger deviations from linearity at lower salt concentrations. Experimental evidence reveals that surface-charge-governed conductance and ion current rectification progressively weaken with increasing N and even vanish as the NPA scales up to N ~ 10000, resulting in an underestimation of surface charge density. In a sub-3 nm densely packed array (separation ~ 25 nm), the conductance exhibits an anomalous power-law dependence on concentration, deviating markedly from the single nanopore characteristics, attributed to the strong pore interactions. Furthermore, osmotic power harvesting measurements reveal a substantial reduction in power density upon scaling, with decreases of up to three orders of magnitude over the same range. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we developed rigorous 3D modeling showing that the nonlinear behavior originates from concentration polarization at pore entrances and suppressed electric field across NPAs, collectively hindering ion transport. Our work provides insight into nonlinear ion-transport scaling and reveals fundamental differences between transport phenomena in single nanopores and nanopore arrays.

In this paper, we investigate the production of scalar singly charmed four-quark states from $B$ meson decays, employing phenomenological SU(3) flavor symmetry analysis and final-state interaction theory. Our study focuses on their production branching ratios and $CP$ violation. The results show that the branching ratios for producing either $VV$ or $PP$ molecular states from $B$ meson decays can be as large as the order of $10^{-4}$. Moreover, for processes with direct $CP$ violation, the production of $VV$ molecular states exhibits a sizable $CP$ asymmetry of order $10^{-3}$. Our findings also suggest that the recently observed $T_{\bar c\bar s 0}^*(2870)^0$ state is more consistent with the $\overline D^{*0} K^{*0}$ molecular configuration. We expect that our predictions will be validated by future experiments.

The Period-Luminosity (PL) relation of Cepheid variable stars is a fundamental tool for measuring extragalactic distances and constraining the Hubble constant (H0). Achieving high precision in PL based distances requires careful consideration of both systematic and statistical uncertainties. We review the main sources of these uncertainties in PL relations, highlighting the increasing impact of random-phase errors in single-epoch observations from limited temporal coverage, such as those obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We discuss mitigation strategies for systematic errors, including photo metric calibration offsets, metallicity effects, blending, and parallax biases, and quantify key contributors to statistical errors, such as photometric noise, intrinsic scatter, and phase-sampling limitations. Special attention is given to a recently proposed cross-filter random-phase correction method (Abdollahi et al., 2025), which recovers mean magnitudes from single-epoch data by exploiting correlations between PL residuals in different bands. This technique reduces the dispersion in the infrared PL relation by 28%, equivalent to an order-of-magnitude increase in effective temporal sampling, demonstrating an efficient path to improving Cepheid-based distance measurements and the precision of H0.

Subwavelength elastic resonators can concentrate wave energy at length scales far below the incident wavelength, but their behavior becomes especially delicate when two resonators almost touch. In this paper, we give a rigorous analysis of a two-dimensional dimer made of two high-contrast hard inclusions embedded in a soft elastic matrix. The analysis confronts two features that are absent from the corresponding three-dimensional theory: the logarithmic low-frequency singularity of the two-dimensional elastic fundamental solution and the possible non-invertibility of the static single-layer potential. We overcome these difficulties by proving the invertibility of the correct frequency-dependent leading-order operator and then using it to reduce the resonance problem to a finite-dimensional system. For generally convex resonators satisfying natural symmetry assumptions, we derive six subwavelength resonant frequencies and identify their dependence on the material contrast $δ$ and the inter-inclusion distance $\varepsilon$. We further quantify the resonant field concentration in the narrow gap. In the regime $\varepsilon=\Ocal(δ^β)$, $0<β<2$, the gradients of the eigenmodes display sharply classified blow-up behavior: some modes attain the stronger rate $\Ocal(1/\varepsilon)$ at the closest point of the gap, while others blow up at the rate $\Ocal(1/\sqrt{\varepsilon})$ away from the centerline; the remaining mode is governed by a boundary mismatch mechanism. These results uncover resonance-induced singularities that are markedly stronger and more structured than those in static or non-resonant elasticity, and they provide a framework for analyzing larger clusters of closely spaced elastic subwavelength resonators.

The hadronic tensor encodes crucial information regarding the internal structure of hadrons, reflecting the non-perturbative features of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In this work, we directly compute the hadronic tensor within (1+1)-dimensional $\rm U(1)$ and $\rm SU(2)$ gauge theories by evaluating real-time current-current correlation functions. Utilizing quantum algorithms executed on classical hardware, we demonstrate that the hadron form factors for both meson and baryon states can be reliably extracted from the hadronic tensor. Our methodology is validated by strong agreement with both direct calculation and exact diagonalization of the form factors.

We describe version 5.0 of the Bottom-up Open-source Coarse-graining Software (BOCS) package. BOCS employs the force-matching variational principle to parameterize potentials for coarse-grained (CG) models directly from atomically detailed simulations. BOCS version 5.0 significantly extends previous versions by treating potentials that depend upon the local density (LD) around each particle, as well as potentials that depend upon the square gradient (SG) of this local density. We also describe a new package, PKG-BOCS, for simulating these potentials in LAMMPS. This software treats complex molecular topologies and provides considerable flexibility for defining the local density, as well as the LD and SG potentials. We present numerical calculations that provide physical insight into these potentials and demonstrate the accuracy of our implementation. Finally, we demonstrate that LD potentials can significantly improve the structural fidelity, thermodynamic properties, and transferability of CG models for water.

Topological semimetals have been proposed as electrocatalytic platforms because their surface states may participate in adsorbate bonding and interfacial charge response. Here we examine this role for hydrogen chemisorption on NbP(001) by combining density functional theory, Wannier-based surface spectral functions, orbital projections, and projected crystal orbital Hamilton population analysis. An SOC on/off comparison allows us to examine two electronic regimes of the same surface: including nodal-line-derived surface states in the non-SOC limit and Weyl Fermi arcs in the SOC case. We find that SOC changes the hydrogen adsorption free energy only weakly, showing that the equilibrium adsorption descriptor is largely insensitive to the SOC-driven reorganization of the surface states. Momentum- and energy-resolved bonding analysis assigns the main H-surface stabilization to occupied local H-Nb hybridized states below the Fermi level. At $E_F$, the Fermi arcs provide the dominant hybridization channels that contribute to the state-resolved bonding pattern and transfer spin-textured character to the adsorbate, producing a finite H-projected current-induced spin polarization. Thus, NbP demonstrates that topological surface states can play a minor role in adsorption thermodynamics while governing Fermi-level hybridization and adsorbate-local current-induced spin polarization.

Higher-order correlations are essential for understanding exotic phases and uncovering universal aspects of quantum dynamics. While inelastic neutron scattering provides well-established access to two-particle correlations, measuring correlations in solids involving more than two particles remains a major challenge. Focusing on magnetic excitations in the Heisenberg spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ chain, we demonstrate that resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) can selectively probe multi-spin dynamical correlations by exciting distinct intermediate states through energy detuning. Through theoretical modeling, we isolate the two- and multi- spin responses, and establish that: (i) The resonant energies of the two- and multi- spin dynamical correlations are separated by $\approx \frac{3}{4}J$; implying that the multi-spin part of the cross-section comes from intermediate states that contain spin flips; (ii) The spectral weight of the two-spin channel exhibits a Lorentzian resonant energy profile consistent with a single dominant electronic configuration, whereas the multi-spin channel response shows a Gaussian-like profile, implying contributions from multiple intermediate spin configurations. These characteristics are reproduced by exact diagonalization of the $t-J$ Hamiltonian, which further reveals that the widths of Lorentzian and Gaussian resonant energy profiles depend primarily on core-hole lifetime ($Γ/2$) and $\frac{2J}Γ$, respectively. Controlled access to multi-spin dynamics, using RIXS energy detuning as a knob, can open new pathways to explore many-body dynamics in quantum materials.

We consider five-dimensional supergravity coupled to vector multiplets, gauged or ungauged, and propose an efficient method to evaluate the on-shell action of supersymmetric black saddle solutions with toric ${\rm U}(1)^3$ symmetry and general topology, explicitly known or just assumed to exist, including higher-derivative corrections. This is equivalent to equivariant integration of the anomaly polynomial six-form over simplicial cones obtained by decomposing the toric diagram of the solution. The on-shell action is then expressed as a sum over contributions localized at the tip of each cone. We obtain a simple derivation of recently calculated expressions as well as new predictions, both for the on-shell action of the black saddles and the Wald entropy of the related extremal solutions. These may be asymptotically AdS$_5$ or asymptotically flat. As examples, we discuss black holes, black rings and black lenses, including a black hole in the background of a topological soliton.

State-space models (SSMs) are the standard formalism for Bayesian treatment of dynamical systems, with natural applications in statistics, signal processing, and machine learning. Despite their importance in both theory and application, dynamical systems have proven difficult to incorporate in modern probabilistic programming languages (PPLs), making state-of-the-art methods less accessible to practitioners and introducing friction in following the "Bayesian workflow." We introduce dynestyx, a probabilistic programming library with first-class support for SSMs, including state-of-the-art methods in the estimation of both states and parameters. Through a single, unified interface, users may specify arbitrary priors for discrete-time or continuous-time dynamical systems, perform inference over mixed-effect data, and make state and parameter estimates with principled uncertainty quantification.

A covariant reconstruction framework for electromagnetic Kantowski--Sachs (KS) geometries in teleparallel $F(T)$ gravity is developed using the coframe/spin-connection (CSC) formalism and the Coley--Landry invariant approach. In a restricted Maxwell-compatible branch, the electromagnetic conservation laws strongly constrain the anisotropic KS scale factors and lead to the scaling $ρ_{\mathrm{em}}\propto A_3^{-4}$. The corresponding symmetric and antisymmetric field equations are derived and used to reconstruct the functional form of $F(T)$ directly from the KS dynamics. Power-law and exponential ansätze generate distinct invariant reconstruction branches associated with electric, magnetic, and transverse electromagnetic sectors. The exponential branch naturally admits reduced teleparallel de Sitter limits and shifted models of the form $F(T)=f(T_0-T)$. The reconstructed branches describe anisotropic cosmological sectors together with local BH-interior-like sectors that may reproduce reduced BH-interior-like or RN--dS-type behaviors at the level of the KS dynamics. These branches are organized through the invariant coframe/spin-connection classification and screened using the necessary leading-order viability conditions $F_T>0$ and $F_{TT}>0$. The local and branch-dependent nature of the construction is emphasized throughout.

Electron-beam irradiation is an established route to create site-controlled, room-temperature single-photon emitters (SPEs) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), but two aspects remain underexplored: how the electron dose governs the properties of the resulting single emitters, and how the emission behaves when the host is heated above room temperature. Here, we create emitters deterministically with a focused electron beam and confirm single-photon emission across three independent flakes, with $g^{(2)}(0)=0.09$, $0.12$, and $0.16$. We map the single-emitter response (yield, spectrum, lifetime, and photon purity) as a function of electron dose, identifying an optimal window for high-purity single emitters. Consistent with recent cryogenic studies, we assign the bright room-temperature feature near 575 n to the phonon sideband (PSB) of a green--yellow emitter whose zero-phonon line (ZPL) lies near 548 nm. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence measured in situ under real-time from room temperature to 300 degrees C reveals a thermal quenching that is fully reversible upon cooling, in contrast to the irreversible annealing-induced degradation reported elsewhere, indicating that transient heating does not permanently damage the centers. These results add quantitative dose control and above-room-temperature operation to the toolbox for deterministic hBN quantum-light sources.

Hadrons that decay predominantly into final states containing photons are notoriously difficult to detect at hadron colliders. Prominent examples are the yet-unobserved $B_{s0}^*$ and $B_{s1}$, the bottom partners of the $D_{s0}^*(2317)$ and $D_{s1}(2460)$, which are expected to exhibit exotic properties deviating from the conventional quark-model predictions of $\bar b s$ mesons. We propose a general, model-independent method to overcome this problem: when the target hadron has an attractive $S$-wave interaction with a companion hadron of precisely known mass, the line shape of a suitable final state develops a cusp at the pair threshold, or a peak just below it if the attraction binds, so that subtracting the companion mass returns the target mass, up to the binding energy in the latter case. As a proof of concept, a leading-order particle-dimer calculation of the $D\bar D_s K$ three-body system reproduces the $X(4274)$ structure in the LHCb $J/ψϕ$ distribution extracted from $B\to K J/ψϕ$, as a $D_{s0}^*\bar D_s$ threshold cusp driven by a nearby virtual-state pole, yielding $m_{D_{s0}^*}=(2322\pm6)$ MeV in agreement with its measured value and favoring $J^{PC}=0^{-+}$ for the $X(4274)$. Transferring the elastic three-body interaction to the bottom sector, we predict an analogous structure at the $B_{s0}^*\bar B_s$ threshold near $11.09$ GeV, making the $Υϕ$ invariant-mass distribution at the LHC a clean probe of the $B_{s0}^*$ mass.

Superconducting domes in strongly correlated electronic systems are often accompanied by charge density waves and peculiar features in the electronic structure. The appearance of a pseudogap, in particular, and its relation to charge density waves remains insufficiently understood. Here, we investigate the electronic Green's function of the underdoped $t$-$t'$-$J$ model of the cuprate superconductors using tensor network algorithms for finite temperature dynamics on cylinders of width $4$. We find the prominent momentum differentiation, the hallmark of the pseudogap, to be strongly dependent on $t'$, which develops into a momentum-dependent opening of a gap upon decreasing temperature, consistent with the formation of a Fermi arc at intermediate temperatures. The nodal gap around ${\bf k}=(π/2,π/2)$ closes and fills with increasing temperature as coherent stripe order melts into a regime of fluctuating charge clusters.

Linking nuclear winds to galactic-scale outflows remains a major observational challenge in understanding the multiscale physics of active galactic nuclei feedback. Here we present VLT/KMOS integral-field spectroscopy and SDSS observations of the $z = 0.9655$ quasar PKS J0352$-$0711. Our analysis reveals complex, multi-ionization emission, including a fast, unresolved nuclear wind and a spatially resolved galactic-scale outflow. We integrate the [O III] emission properties with those deduced from the mini-broad-absorption-line outflows detected in HST/COS observations of this quasar. This unique combination of datasets allows us to trace, for the first time, the physical progression of a quasar outflow from $\sim$ 10 pc to 10 kpc. The multiscale kinematics support a unified evolutionary scenario where the inner, constant-velocity ($\sim-3800 \textrm{ km s}^{-1}$) expansion of the wind is traced jointly in absorption ($\sim 9$ pc) and emission ($\gtrsim 40$ pc). As the wind propagates to $\sim$ 500 pc, the intermediate absorption system reveals a deceleration to $\sim-2100 \textrm{ km s}^{-1}$, consistent with mass-loading from the interstellar medium. Finally, our spatially resolved observations capture the gas breaking out of the inner galaxy, in the form of a wide-angle blueshifted outflow expanding beyond 8 kpc, with a velocity of $\sim -1000 \textrm{ km s}^{-1}$. Despite the three orders of magnitude variation in spatial scale, and a factor-of-four deceleration, the momentum fluxes remain consistent within uncertainties across all scales. These results suggest that the distinct outflow components represent the integrated history of a sustained feedback cycle from nuclear to galactic scales.

The $π^+π^-$ invariant mass spectrum above the $ρ^0(770)$ is rich with broad, overlapping resonances. Disentangling them, whether in photoproduction, ultra-peripheral heavy-ion collisions, or electroproduction, is a longstanding challenge for conventional partial-wave analysis. We show that the recently observed entanglement-enabled spin-interference effect in ultra-peripheral collisions provides a quantum-mechanical filter that resolves this ambiguity: the angular harmonics $A_n$ of the $\cos(nΔϕ)$ asymmetry, which are governed by selection rules in the spin of the interfering states. Specifically, overlap between two distinct spin-1 amplitudes leads to interference that populate $A_2$ alone, while overlap of a spin-1 amplitude with a spin-2 one generates $A_1$ and $A_3$. Utilizing ALICE data in the $1.0$--$1.4\,\mathrm{GeV} \; c^{-2}$ region, we demonstrate that two physically distinct hypotheses -- an additional spin-1 $ρ'(1450)$ (produced via photonuclear interactions) versus a spin-2 (photon-photon) $f_2(1270)$ state -- fit the invariant mass spectrum equally well but predict different $A_n$: identically zero $A_1$ and $A_3$ in the spin-1 case, versus pronounced peaks in the spin-2 case. This selection rule provides a new tool for hadronic spectroscopy in ultra-peripheral collisions and the first viable route to isolating the $γγ\toπ^+π^-$ continuum from the dominant photonuclear background, revealing a clean low-energy probe of non-perturbative QCD.

Quantum algorithms require repeated circuit executions, known as shots, to estimate output distributions accurately. Determining the minimal number of shots needed to meet a target accuracy is crucial to reduce costs and resource usage, especially on today's noisy and expensive quantum hardware. In this paper, we address the shot optimisation problem in a black-box setting, where no assumptions are made about the structure of the quantum circuit or the noise model of the backend. We introduce IncrementalExecution, a novel online framework that dynamically determines when to stop executing shots based on the principle of point of diminishing returns: the point at which additional shots no longer significantly alter the empirical distribution of a fixed circuit. The framework supports customisable policies for shot management, enabling flexible trade-offs between execution cost and result fidelity within static execution scenarios. We assess our proposal through an extensive experimental evaluation spanning 33,750 framework configurations across 180 unique static quantum circuit-backend combinations, for a total of 7.3M independent experiments. Unlike prior work that relies on problem-specific knowledge or algorithm-dependent assumptions (e.g., variational or adaptive workflows), our approach is applicable to a large set of static circuits and immediately deployable on current quantum cloud platforms.

We demonstrate coherent control of orthogonal continuum electron states in the XUV photoionization of atomic hydrogen using polarization-tailored driving fields. By combining polarization mixing with carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) control, we generate a pair of orthogonal momentum-space basis states whose populations and relative phase can be independently tuned via the polarization-mixing parameter and CEP, respectively. The resulting photoelectron wave packets are prepared as coherent superpositions within this effective two-dimensional subspace, with quantum coherence confirmed by interference visibilities reaching 99% in the photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs). We further demonstrate that a bichromatic driving-field configuration extends this framework to a four-dimensional continuum manifold, with basis states distinguished by both angular emission patterns and radial momentum distributions, and with independent amplitude and phase control preserved across the higher-dimensional subspace. These results establish that polarization-tailored XUV fields provide a flexible route to independent amplitude and phase control within low-dimensional subspaces of the photoelectron continuum, with the engineered dynamics directly observable in momentum-resolved spectra.

Efficient classical simulation of quantum Hamiltonian dynamics is often bottlenecked by exponential state growth and the overhead of generic sparse linear algebra. We introduce diagonal-budgeted Trotterization, a structure-aware strategy that decomposes Hamiltonians into factors preserving diagonal sparsity while tightly controlling fidelity loss. Our implementation, HamSim, utilizes a compact diagonal-sparse data layout and specialized C++/CUDA kernels to bypass the overheads of generic formats like CSR. By leveraging SIMD vectorization, multithreading, and GPU acceleration, HamSim achieves high performance across heterogeneous architectures. Benchmarks on the HamLib suite show that HamSim significantly outperforms Qiskit-Aer. On CPUs, HamSim attains speedups of $182$--$1,269\times$ on optimization instances (TSP, MaxCut) and $4.8$--$841\times$ on physical models (TFIM, Heisenberg). On GPUs, it achieves up to $178\times$ speedup for $12$--$16$ qubit problems. Unlike traditional Trotterization, HamSim maintains near-perfect fidelity without requiring exponential steps. This demonstrates that diagonal-aware numerical kernels provide a scalable foundation for high-fidelity classical Hamiltonian simulation.

Compact aberration correction at large semi-angles remains a central challenge in electron microscopy. Here we propose a phase plate for continuous electron beams based on the ponderomotive interaction with an intracavity standing wave in a near-concentric Fabry--Pérot resonator. For electrons propagating along the cavity axis, a standing-wave with Laguerre-Gaussian mode of topological charge $l=1$ imprints an annular phase shift that is opposite in sign to the third-order spherical aberration of a conventional electron lens. For a \(5~\mathrm{keV}\) beam with a convergence semi-angle of \(25~\mathrm{mrad}\), we fully compensate the third-order spherical aberration of an objective lens with \(C_\mathrm{s}=1~\mathrm{mm}\), yielding the transverse width of the corrected probe in the focus of \(σ_\mathrm{p}=1.4~\mathrmÅ\). The accessible transverse electron phases are set by the supported resonator modal basis and its coherent superpositions.