Mirrors that preserve the handedness of optical radiation upon reflection are an essential building block for the design of numerous resonant nanophotonic structures with capabilities for enantiomeric discrimination. Ordinary metallic and Bragg dielectric mirrors are not suitable in these context since they flip handedness of electromagnetic field upon reflection around normal incidence. While there has been considerable progress in the development of such reflecting structures, this research area remains largely unexplored. Here, we present a detailed numerical and theoretical analysis of the potential of low-symmetry periodic lattices composed of high-symmetry non-chiral meta-atoms for resonant reflection with handedness preservation (HP). Using full-wave numerical simulations, we analyze a family of rhombic and monoclinic (oblique) lattices of circular dielectric disks and/or holes, and in each identify the regime of near-perfect HP reflection. We study the robustness of these structures to geometric deviations, material losses, and incidence angle. Finally, we describe the resonant HP response of these structures using the coupled-mode theory formalism.

Undefined behavior is idiomatic to C and C++ programming; such behavior is a use of an erroneous program construct for which the languages impose no requirements, such as integer overflows. The paper presents an empirical experiment seeking to probe the extent of undefined behavior executing underneath typical desktop use of a Linux distribution. The analysis is based on an undefined behavior sanitizer implemented in a compiler. According to the results, undefined behavior is common. By completing 59 simple experimental tasks, nearly 11 thousand unique undefined behavior warnings were generated by 32 unique programs and libraries written in C or C++. Of these warnings, most were associated with the Mesa graphics library and generated by interacting with graphical user interfaces. Merely logging into the GNOME desktop environment generated over 500 unique warnings. Of all warnings, the clear majority was about virtual table pointers. The associated stack traces were also lengthy in general. With these and other results, the paper contributes to the empirical literature on C and C++.

We prove Sobolev-type inequality and local volume noncollapsing with optimal exponents for compact Kähler manifolds of uniformly bounded $q$-Nash entropy.

Particulate contaminants decrease the power output of solar panels, the transparency of windows, and are detrimental to microelectronics, where even a single particle can induce a short circuit. Despite significant research on particle adhesion and self-cleaning, it remains unclear when and how a drop can remove a particle from a surface, thus efficiently cleaning the surface. Here, by combining lattice Boltzmann simulations and confocal microscopy experiments, we show that at least six different scenarios arise from the complex interplay between capillary and friction forces when a drop collides with a particle. Notably, the capillary force plays a dual role in particle removal: while its tangential component always drives removal, its normal component can also hinder it. By introducing a dimensionless capillary capture parameter, we can predict particle removal across a wide range of particle and surface properties. These results provide quantitative design principles for easy-to-clean surfaces that minimize water and chemical usage.

We characterize complex-elliptic operators $\mathbb A(D)$ through a hierarchy of overdeterminacy ($\ell$-vanishing) quantifying the structural twisting of their symbols. This framework yields the optimal dimensional estimate for $BV^{\mathbb A}$-functions: a measure ${\mathbb A} u$ cannot concentrate on sets of dimension below $n-1$. Consequently, the jump part of ${\mathbb A} u$ is characterized as an $(n-1)$-dimensional surface measure with density given by the symbol and the two-sided traces. Building on this dimensional bound, we prove that measures satisfying $\frac{{\mathbb A} u}{|{\mathbb A} u|} \in \mathrm{span}\{P_0\}$ precisely decompose into finite sums of one-dimensional $BV$ profiles. Ultimately, these results reveal that complex-ellipticity strictly enforces a plane-wave structure on tangent measures.

The harmonic oscillator is considered within generalized frameworks using complex and quaternionic numbers. The classical oscillator is considered in terms of a complex position function, and quantum oscillators are examined in terms of complex wave functions, and in terms of quaternionic wave functions as well. Both of the quantum solutions are obtained within the real Hilbert space formalism. The results reveal the complex and quaternionic descriptions as suitable frameworks for non-stationary processes, including damped oscillations, forced oscillations, and additionally self-interacting processes that cannot be appropriately described otherwise.

Entanglement is a key bottleneck limiting the efficiency of tensor-network and quantum simulations of molecular electronic structures. Here, we systematically assess and extend Clifford disentanglers as a structure-preserving approach to entanglement reduction: they can modify the entanglement structure of qubit wavefunctions while retaining the Pauli-string form of qubit Hamiltonians. To enable a practical search over Clifford transformations, we classify Clifford operators by their action on the Schmidt spectrum across a bipartition, reducing the two- and four-qubit search spaces to 20 and 91392 representatives, respectively. Embedded in an iterative Clifford-augmented matrix product state framework, these transformations reduce the energy errors at fixed bond dimension for the molecular test cases studied and mitigate the dependence on orbital orderings and fermion-to-qubit mappings. We further show that Clifford disentanglers can also benefit quantum simulations such as the shallow-circuit variational quantum eigensolver calculations. Together, these results establish Clifford disentanglers as a useful structure-preserving entanglement-engineering tool for tensor-network and quantum simulations of molecular electronic structure, while also clarifying their correlation dependence and motivating future developments.

This Letter presents a novel analytical framework showing that the dark count probability (PDC) of perimeter-gated single-photon avalanche diodes (pg-SPADs) follows a complementary Gompertz function. Specifically, we show that PDC follows a complementary Gompertz form from which we derive a pixel-specific descriptor, the midpoint perimeter gate voltage, which characterizes a pixel's equiprobable operating point. We further show that a perimeter gate voltage compensation rate may be obtained from this descriptor to offset temperature-induced changes in the pixel's activation function. The proposed framework is experimentally validated using 4,096 pg-SPADs arranged in a 64 x 64 array and manufactured in a 0.35 $μ$m CMOS process. The devices were characterized at temperatures ranging from -5 $^o$C to 55 $^o$C and perimeter gate voltage magnitudes of 0 to 5 V. The measured results demonstrate deterministic bias control of dark count probability across process and temperature variations.

We develop a Heisenberg-Langevin theory of an exciton mirror accounting for the retardation and the long-range electron-hole exchange. A particular case of a strong transverse magnetic field is analyzed in detail. The optical bistability due to repulsion between the excitons inside the light cone appears to be prone to a modulational instability towards the non-radiative surface polariton modes. Above the corresponding threshold, the pumped 2D exciton gas acts as an optical parametric generator of twin polariton beams. Conversely, below the threshold, the mirror acquires the phase-conjugating properties.

In this note we propose an effective method to estimate the dimension of the Feigenbaum attractor for the period doubling phenomenon. In particular, we will describe a way to convert the highly accurate estimates for $g$ into better estimates on $\dim(X)$.

Our study focuses on the strong tidal disruption of a cold helium white dwarf passing a black hole. We model the white dwarf as a Bose-Fermi droplet and use quantum hydrodynamic equations to simulate the binary system's evolution. As the white dwarf passes through periastron, it loses a significant amount of mass. This mass falls onto the black hole and forms an accretion disc. Quantized vortices appear in the accretion disc, manifesting as strong electromagnetic radiation signals that exhibit characteristic flickering patterns changing on a timescale of a few seconds. Meanwhile, the white dwarf moves away from the black hole. As the white dwarf moves through space, vortices run along its surface. This elongates its geometry, causing it to rotate and emit gravitational waves.

The main purpose of this note is to give a proof of the fact that the Toda brackets \ $\langle\barν,σ,\barν\rangle$ and $\langleν,η, \barσ\rangle$ are not trivial. This is an affirmative answer of M.~Mahowald's Conjecture (J. Mukai, Determination of the $P$-image by Toda brackets, Geometry and Topology Monographs \textbf{13}(2008), 355--383). The second purpose is to determine the relations including $\barν_6ω_{14}$ in $π^6_{30}$ and $\barν_7ω_{15}$ in $π^7_{31}$. To this end, we provide relations between the Toda bracket and the $J$-homomorphism, and between the Toda bracket and the generalized $P$-homomorphism.

We introduce a geometrically constrained hidden-variable framework that generates a family of correlations parametrized by a boundary function, within which the quantum singlet correlation appears as a particular member. Exact expressions for the correlation function are derived. Several structural results are established, including admissibility conditions, symmetry properties, a universal stationary point of the associated CHSH function, and an exact relation between the CHSH value at $ν=π/4$ and a geometric contrast measure defined on the underlying hidden-variable distributions. Rather than treating the quantum singlet correlation as an isolated target to be reproduced, the present framework places it within a broader geometric structure of correlations. These results suggest the existence of a nontrivial geometric structure underlying the family of correlations and motivate the search for a principle capable of selecting the quantum singlet solution from within that family.

Bandit models typically begin with arms, states, rewards, and transition rules. This paper instead begins with preferences over stopped local contingent schedules: possible unfoldings of a responsibility, project, experiment, or opportunity in its own local time. Behavioral axioms on single schedules characterize a generalized stopping representation with current utility, local discounting, and a broad continuation aggregator. A common-tail compensation axiom then allows calendar time to be priced across schedules. Imposing a tight elapsed-calendar constraint generates a rested generalized bandit and yields index optimality: the index is the shadow price of advancing a local clock. Expected-utility, learning, robust, rank-dependent, Choquet, and Pandora models arise as special cases.

We investigate energy supratransmission in a boundary-driven two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a central hole. Harmonic forcing with azimuthal modulation generates standing-wave states whose existence and stability depend on the driving amplitude, the inner radius, and the imposed azimuthal charge. Bifurcation analysis shows that small inner radii produce strongly confined states with higher destabilization thresholds, whereas larger radii yield broader profiles and smoother transitions between stable and unstable branches. The cubic--quintic and saturable models exhibit similar qualitative behaviour but differ quantitatively in their critical amplitudes and parameter dependence. A variational approximation captures the dependence of the critical drive on the azimuthal charge and nonlinear parameters, and clarifies how the nonlinear response shapes the stationary states near the turning point. Time-dependent simulations show that supratransmission occurs through the emission of localized pulses, with nonzero azimuthal charge triggering symmetry breaking and producing two-dimensional localized excitations (pearls). Isosurface plots provide a complementary view of the resulting radial and angular excursions. These results establish a quantitative framework for supratransmission in two-dimensional geometries and are relevant to driven nonlinear systems in optics, Bose--Einstein condensates, and structured media.

The orbital angular momentum of light is an intriguing property for developing light driven applications. It emerged as an independent degree of freedom by which to manipulate light and, consequently, the interaction of light with matter. Several methods exist for the generation of light carrying orbital angular momentum, mostly employing transmitting or reflecting optical components, which radially modulate the phase profile of the light. As one of such components, transmissive q-plates established themselves as standard elements due to their usability over a broad wavelength range. Here, we present our approach to build a highly reflective q-plate based on a plasmonic metasurface capable of converting orbital angular momentum from the nanostructure to ultrashort laser pulses without temporal broadening. We highlight its working principle over a wide range of wavelengths for reflection under normal and gracing incidence.

Electoral control is the study of whether an attacker, by structural changes on an election such as adding/deleting/partitioning voters or candidates, can affect the winner in some desired way. Forty-four such attack types are often considered standard, and recently there has been work showing that sometimes the attack types -- though seemingly distinct -- in fact "collapse," that is, for every input, either the attacker can achieve their goal under both of the control types or under neither of the control types. The papers doing this, however, while often exploiting axiomatic results that ensured collapses, found all the separations by human or computer-generated counterexamples. This left open the issue of whether even the separation direction can be driven by axiomatic results that allow large groups of separations to be almost automatically obtained. Our paper provides many such results, and we apply them to seven important voting systems, finding sixty-four new collapses and 1901 new separations. We not only give axiomatic sufficient conditions and one complete characterization result, but also identify some control-problem pairs that universally separate -- in other words, they separate under every voting rule.

Kagome FeGe hosts a $2\times2\times2$ charge-density wave (CDW) that strongly interplays with antiferromagnetic order. Here, we report $^{57}$Fe nuclear resonant scattering measurement to study FeGe across its long-range CDW and incommensurate magnetic transitions. Upon entering the CDW state, hardening of acoustic phonons and optical phonons around 22~meV, 27~meV, and 31~meV are observed in the Fe partial phonon density of states, which can be qualitatively captured by first-principle calculations. Upon entering the incommensurate magnetic phase, neither the phonon density of states nor the hyperfine interaction parameters change significantly, although a subtle feature associated with the incommensurate magnetic order or slow fluctuations is detected in the time-domain Mössbauer spectra. These findings show that the CDW in kagome FeGe significantly modifies its lattice dynamics and magnetism, evidencing an intertwined nature of the spin, charge, and lattice degrees of freedom.

We prove two conjectural $q$-congruences proposed by Guo. The first is Conjecture 7.2 in Guo's work on $q$-analogues of two ``divergent'' Ramanujan-type supercongruences; it asserts a square-cyclotomic congruence for a truncated $q$-analogue of a Ramanujan-type sum when $n\equiv1\pmod4$. The second is Conjecture 4.1 in Guo's extension of Van Hamme's $(A.2)$ supercongruence; it gives divisibility modulo $[n]$ for a family of truncated basic hypergeometric sums with a parameter $s$. The proof of the first result relies on a known Watson-transformation congruence obtained by Guo. The proof of the second result is based on period decomposition at primitive roots of unity and a reflection cancellation inside residue blocks.

Characterizing quantum processes is essential for hardware benchmarking, error diagnosis, and algorithm verification. While recent work [PRX QUANTUM \textbf{4}, 040337 (2023)] extended classical shadows from quantum state to quantum process, enabling efficient single-channel $\mathcal{E}$ property prediction, its applicability to composite processes $f(\mathcal{E}_1, \mathcal{E}_2,\cdots, \mathcal{E}_k)$ remains unexplored. We introduce shadow engineering, a framework encoding the classical shadows of processes into sparse transfer matrices to predict $f(\mathcal{E}_1, \mathcal{E}_2,\cdots, \mathcal{E}_k)$ properties with proven polynomial sample complexity, matching single-channel efficiency while exponentially lower than quantum process tomography. Crucially, this approach repurposes existing $\mathcal{E}_m$-shadow data without physical execution of $f(\mathcal{E}_1, \mathcal{E}_2,\cdots, \mathcal{E}_k)$, enabling flexible quantum process characterization with minimal hardware overhead. We demonstrate the framework's effectiveness and practicality on a superconducting quantum processor for typical applications such as error mitigation and Hamiltonian dynamical simulation. This framework unlocks new capabilities for predicting complex quantum behaviors without physical re-execution, with immediate applications in near-term device calibration and quantum simulation.

Mode visibilities can be estimated from observed power spectra or from theory by making assumptions about the damping processes occurring in the star. However, a quantitative comparison between the two approaches was so far not feasible due to observational biases. The biases arise from the fact that in observations, the power spectrum is divided into frequency segments in which modes of a certain spherical degree are expected to dominate. In this work, we used synthetic power spectra to calculate the visibility as it has been done in observations and compare it with published observed visibilities to quantify the influence of the biases. We find that, taking the biases into account, the observed spatial response of the dipole modes is 1.47, which is closer to the theoretical value than previous estimates. In particular, we predict that the normalized dipole mode visibility of late red-giant branch (RGB) stars might be overestimated by up to 20% in published observations. For stars with depressed dipole modes, we find that the normalized dipole mode visibilities estimated in observational studies might be overestimated by 20% throughout their entire evolution on the RGB. The quadrupole mode visibility, on the other hand, appears to be largely unaffected by the biases, expect on the late RGB. In addition, we investigated the evolution of the visibility and detectability of the mixed mode signature while testing different prescriptions for the energy loss caused by a strong internal magnetic field in the stellar core. We argue that taking into account the inner turning point of the g-mode cavity could allow a portion of the mode energy to be preserved when interacting with a strong magnetic field. We further show that such partial dissipation allows the mixed mode signature to be both present or absent in the observable power spectra, which is consistent with observations.

We revisit flows of tensorial $H$-structures for closed and connected Lie subgroups $H\leqslant\mathrm{SO}(n)$, focusing on the topology of isometric classes. We prove that the natural map assigning to an $H$-structure its induced Riemannian metric is surjective and satisfies a parametric homotopy lifting property. Since the space of Riemannian metrics is contractible, the full space of $H$-structures is homotopy equivalent to any fixed isometric class. For parallelizable manifolds, especially flat tori, these classes reduce to mapping spaces into $\mathrm{SO}(n)/H$. We discuss almost Hermitian, $\mathrm{SU}(m)$, $\mathrm{G}_2$, and $\mathrm{Spin}(7)$ structures on flat tori, showing that their isometric classes and moduli modulo orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms may have infinitely many connected components. We relate this topology to the variational theory of the intrinsic torsion energy. On the unrestricted space of $H$-structures, the functional is scale-degenerate in dimensions $n>2$: its infimum is zero on every nonempty path component, and its only critical points are torsion-free structures. Inside fixed isometric classes this homothetic escape direction is absent. We reinterpret finite-time singularity formation as concentration in nontrivial isometric homotopy classes with zero energy infimum, and contrast this with cohomological classes, such as $\mathrm{U}(3)$-structures on the flat $6$-torus, which have positive lower bounds and admit smooth harmonic representatives from holomorphic maps into $\mathbb{CP}^3$. Finally, we revisit analytical aspects of our earlier work: we prove a lifting principle for metric-dependent flows, reinterpret the Ricci $H$-flow, derive a general evolution identity for isometric flows, and extend the harmonic-flow theory beyond the original structural assumptions.

The central prerequisite of any fault-tolerant quantum architecture is a quantum memory: a block of encoded physical qubits whose logical state is actively preserved against noise across many rounds of error correction. In neutral-atom Rydberg arrays, realizing such a memory is obstructed not by the entangling gates themselves, which are already fast and high-fidelity, but by the auxiliary operations that a conventional error-correction cycle requires: mid-circuit fluorescence measurement, inter-zone atom transport, and locally focused single-qubit addressing. Each of these introduces latency, atom loss, or optical crosstalk that exceeds the cost of the underlying gates by orders of magnitude. These costs accumulate cycle after cycle, progressively degrading the very logical information the code is meant to protect. Here we propose a protocol that stabilizes a toric-code quantum memory without moving, measuring or local addressing atoms. The key is to use a three-species Rydberg atom array for the complete stabilizer cycle, including syndrome extraction, coherent correction, and ancilla reset, under global, species-selective laser pulses. Numerical simulation of a $4 \times 4$ rotated toric code shows a longer qubit lifetime when the physical error rate is below a pseudo-threshold $p^\star \approx 0.034$. The scheme offers a concrete, hardware-efficient route to topological quantum memory in neutral-atom platforms.

Solid-state phase transformations in molecular crystal hydrates govern stability and functional performance across a range of applications, including pharmaceutical, agrochemical and coordination framework materials. During dehydration, these hydrates can undergo substantial structural reorganisation involving changes in molecular orientation, intermolecular interactions, and lattice symmetry. Despite extensive study, the microscopic crystallographic pathways by which such transformations proceed remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the dynamics of solid-state dehydration of theophylline monohydrate as a model molecular hydrate using in situ low-dose scanning electron diffraction (SED). Simultaneous observations of changes in morphology and crystallographic phase and orientation mapped across single particles reveal how complete dehydration proceeds via a two-step, reconstructive topotactic solid-state transformation: anisotropic, surface-specific mass loss of material near water channel sides (suggesting the monohydrate adopts a non-centrosymmetric crystal structure) is followed by surface-localised nucleation and growth of anhydrous form II on the parent monohydrate while preserving similar molecular orientations at a common plane. By providing direct, local crystallographic insight into hydrate dehydration, this work demonstrates how surface-controlled mass loss, morphological changes, and lattice orientation jointly govern solid-state transformations in molecular hydrates. More broadly, it establishes low-dose SED as an effective approach for probing dynamic phase transformations in beam-sensitive molecular crystals.

A fundamental concept in linear algebra and its applications to network analysis is the Perron--Frobenius (PF) theorem, which underpins eigenvector-based centrality measures such as eigenvector centrality, PageRank, and hubs and authorities. By invoking the PF theorem, we know for strongly connected networks with positive edge weights that the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue of the weight matrix yields a well-defined centrality measure (namely, eigenvector centrality). Traditional formulations of the PF theorem and associated centrality measures assume that networks have real-valued weights. However, many networks in areas such as quantum information, quantum chemistry, electrodynamics, and machine learning have complex-valued edge weights. In this paper, we study generalizations of the PF theorem to complex-valued matrices, establish connections between these generalizations, and propose generalized eigenvector-based centrality measures to analyzing node importances in networks with complex edge weights. We also prove results about the existence of complex-weighted networks that satisfy generalized PF properties and calculate associated centrality measures for several examples, which we draw from application areas such as electron transport, circuit analysis, mathematical chemistry, and communication networks.

Recently, movable antenna (MA) has attracted wide attention in wireless communications due to its potential in enhancing wireless communication performance via local movement within a confined region. However, antenna position optimization (APO) has emerged as a major challenge for MAs, due to the lack of a tractable, analytical, and accurate channel model in terms of antenna positions. Although existing works have developed various algorithms for APO, most of them are based on simplified theoretical channel models, which limit their generality. To address this challenge, in this article, we present more general and effective APO algorithms for different purposes, categorized as continuous APO and discrete APO, respectively. Continuous APO is mainly applied for flexible array signal processing to boost large-scale communication performance, while discrete APO is applied for small-scale multi-path channel reshaping. Specifically, the discrete APO discretizes the antenna movement region into multiple sampling points and employs discrete algorithms to determine the optimal MA positions based on the point-wise channel state information (CSI), without the need for an analytical channel model. To reduce the overhead for CSI acquisition, we also present more efficient learning-based APO algorithms that operate without requiring full point-wise CSI. Finally, we compare the application scenarios of the proposed algorithms and validate their effectiveness with numerical results.

Ripley's K-function is a widely used spatial summary statistic for assessing clustering in point patterns. However, existing K-based methods can be computationally prohibitive for large-scale data, particularly in high-throughput spatial proteomics, because they rely on spatial information from all points in the image. To address this challenge, we propose a computationally efficient block-based testing framework that extracts disjoint local blocks from an image and aggregates clustering evidence across them. The proposed adaptive spatial blocking algorithm constructs blocks satisfying point-count and shape constraints, enabling scalable spatial clustering inference and fast p-value computation through an asymptotic normal approximation. Numerical studies demonstrate that the proposed method provides a favorable balance between statistical power and computational efficiency. In an application to healthy human intestine spatial proteomics data, our method detects strong spatial aggregation of plasma cells and colocalization between plasma cells and macrophages, while scaling favorably to large images.

The quantum information lost in open evolutions cannot be fully recovered, but partial recovery is possible. The Petz recovery map guarantees almost optimal recovery, notably if the chosen reference state is close to the real one. This map has been widely used in theoretical studies, but has been the object of only a handful of experimental realisations, typically under a single fixed noise model. In this work, we describe and implement the Petz recovery map for a versatile class of qubit channels with tunable decoherence and dissipation. The setup we realize is also the first experimental example of ``tabletop reversibility'': for a good range of choices of the reference state, the Petz recovery map can be implemented with the same devices as the forward dissipative evolution, whose effect it is partially undoing. Our results demonstrate that the Petz recovery map can be resource-efficiently realized without requiring complex ancillary resources, providing a feasible pathway for mitigating information loss in quantum systems.

We develop a framework for comparing probability measures on finite posets via hockey-stick domination, an order relation defined through interval-counting test functions. The theory introduces poset integrals, derivatives, power functions and the associated moment functionals, all of which are invariant under poset isomorphisms. We prove that hockey-stick domination admits an exact quantitative characterization: whenever $μ$ is dominated by $ν$ in the hockey-stick order, the corresponding Zolotarev-type distance is equal to one half of the second-order poset moment of $ν-μ$. We further develop a constructive theory for generating such domination relations. In particular, we show that hockey-stick domination is preserved under direct products, disjoint unions, ordinal sums, and suitable ideal restrictions, yielding natural families of examples on chains, Boolean posets, rectangular lattices, rooted trees, and Young diagrams.

We propose a novel, intuitive measure of statistical performance: precision-weighted bias. Precision-weighted bias is defined as the unconditional bias of an estimator weighted by the degree of information (precision) it contains. Current guidelines, such as GRADE and CONSORT, often view the potential for increased bias in adaptive designs as a deterrent for the inclusion of such designs in systematic reviews. However, we demonstrate that the bias in a common-effect meta-analysis is approximately equal to the precision-weighted average of the precision-weighted biases of its constituent studies, rather than of their unweighted unconditional biases. Through simulation studies, we show that while adaptive designs may exhibit unweighted bias, they frequently have zero precision-weighted bias. Consequently, including these designs often results in a negligible change to the overall meta-analysis bias. These results suggest that precision-weighted bias is a superior indicator for determining whether to include an adaptive design in a meta-analysis. We recommend that precision-weighted bias be used as a standard complement to unweighted unconditional and conditional bias in simulation studies to support more inclusive and accurate evidence synthesis.