Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have shown strong potential as multilingual Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, as evidenced by existing GUI benchmarks. However, these benchmarks exhibit two primary limitations: (1) although Perception and Reasoning (P&R) capabilities are fundamental for GUI agents, current benchmarks lack fine-grained diagnostics to identify which specific capabilities lead to task failures, hindering targeted improvements; (2) existing benchmarks fail to provide a strictly aligned cross-lingual evaluation environment, introducing confounding factors that prevent isolating the language impact on GUI agent performance. To address these issues, we propose the Multilingual P&R GUI Benchmark (MPR-GUI-Bench), featuring strictly aligned environments across six languages and eight fine-grained P&R tasks. Our benchmark reveals consistent P&R gaps between English and non-English settings, particularly on reasoning-intensive tasks. To leverage the superior English P&R capabilities for bridging cross-lingual gaps, we identify layers sensitive to language and propose GUI-XLI, a GUI Cross-Lingual Intervention method that aligns non-English hidden states with their English counterparts at these layers during inference. Experiments show that GUI-XLI effectively reduces the cross-lingual gaps, with an average gain of 6.5% in non-English settings.

Channel state information (CSI) is essential for adaptive beamforming and maintaining robust links in wireless communication systems. However, acquiring CSI incurs significant overhead, consuming up to 25% of spectrum resources in 5G networks due to frequent pilot transmissions at millisecond-scale intervals. Recent approaches aim to reduce this burden by reconstructing CSI from spatiotemporal RF measurements, such as signal strength and direction-of-arrival. While effective in offline settings, these methods often suffer from inference latencies in the 5-100 ms range, making them impractical for real-time systems. We present GSpaRC: Gaussian Splatting for Real-time Reconstruction of RF Channels, a method that achieves accurate channel reconstruction with latency in the low-millisecond regime or below. GSpaRC represents the RF environment using a compact set of 3D Gaussian primitives, each parameterized by a lightweight neural model augmented with physics-informed features such as distance-based attenuation. Unlike traditional vision-based splatting pipelines, GSpaRC is tailored for RF reception: it employs an equirectangular projection onto a hemispherical surface centered at the receiver to reflect omnidirectional antenna behavior. A custom CUDA pipeline enables fully parallelized directional sorting, splatting, and rendering across frequency and spatial dimensions. Evaluated on multiple RF datasets, GSpaRC achieves similar CSI reconstruction fidelity to recent state-of-the-art methods while reducing training and inference time by over an order of magnitude. These results illustrate that modest GPU computation can substantially reduce pilot overhead, making GSpaRC a scalable low-latency approach for channel estimation in 5G and future wireless systems.

Unlike text, speech conveys information about the speaker, such as gender, through acoustic cues like pitch. This gives rise to modality-specific bias concerns. For example, in speech translation (ST), when translating from languages with notional gender, such as English, into languages where gender-ambiguous terms referring to the speaker are assigned grammatical gender, the speaker's vocal characteristics may play a role in gender assignment. This risks misgendering speakers, whether through masculine defaults or vocal-based assumptions. Yet, how ST models make these decisions remains poorly understood. We investigate the mechanisms ST models use to assign gender to speaker-referring terms across three language pairs (en-es/fr/it). To do so, we examine how training data patterns, internal language model (ILM) biases, and acoustic information interact. We find that models do not simply replicate term-specific gender associations from training data, but learn broader patterns of masculine prevalence. While the ILM exhibits strong masculine bias, models can override these preferences based on acoustic input. Using contrastive feature attribution on spectrograms, we reveal that the model with higher gender accuracy relies on a previously unknown mechanism: using first-person pronouns to link gendered terms back to the speaker, accessing gender information distributed across the frequency spectrum rather than concentrated in pitch.

Accurate state estimation for flexible robotic systems poses significant challenges, particularly for platforms with dynamically deforming structures that invalidate rigid-body assumptions. This paper addresses this problem and enables the extension of existing rigid-body pose estimation methods to non-rigid systems. Our approach integrates two core components: first, we capture elastic properties using a deformation-force model, efficiently learned via a Multi-Layer Perceptron; second, we resolve the platform's inherently smooth motion using continuous-time B-spline kinematic models. By continuously applying Newton's Second Law, our method formulates the relationship between visually-derived trajectory acceleration and predicted deformation-induced acceleration. We demonstrate that our approach not only enables robust and accurate pose estimation on non-rigid platforms, but also shows that the properly modeled platform physics allow for the recovery of inertial sensing properties. We validate this feasibility on a simple spring-camera system, showing how it robustly resolves the typically ill-posed problem of metric scale and gravity recovery in monocular visual odometry.

We open-source MiMo-Embodied, the first cross-embodied foundation model to successfully integrate and achieve state-of-the-art performance in both Autonomous Driving and Embodied AI. MiMo-Embodied sets new records across 17 embodied AI benchmarks in Task Planning, Affordance Prediction and Spatial Understanding, while also excelling in 12 autonomous driving benchmarks across Environmental Perception, Status Prediction, and Driving Planning. Across these tasks, MiMo-Embodied significantly outperforms existing open-source, closed-source, and specialized baselines. Our results indicate that through multi-stage learning, curated data construction, and CoT/RL fine-tuning, these two domains exhibit strong positive transfer and mutually reinforce one another. We provide a detailed analysis of our model design and training methodologies to facilitate further research. Code and models are available at https://github.com/XiaomiMiMo/MiMo-Embodied.

Digital images are often degraded by soft effects such as lens flare, haze, shadows, and reflections, which reduce aesthetics even though the underlying pixels remain partially visible. The prevailing works address these degradations in isolation, developing highly specialized, specialist models that lack scalability and fail to exploit the shared underlying essences of these restoration problems. Meanwhile, although recent large-scale generalist models (e.g., GPT-4o, Flux Kontext, Nano Banana) offer powerful text-driven editing capabilities, they heavily rely on detailed prompts and often fail to achieve robust removal on such fine-grained tasks while preserving the scene's identity. Leveraging the common essence of soft effects, i.e., semi-transparent occlusions, we introduce a foundational versatile model UniSER, capable of addressing diverse degradations caused by soft effects within a single framework. Our methodology centers on curating a massive 3.8M-pair dataset to ensure robustness and generalization, which includes novel, physically-plausible data to fill critical gaps in public benchmarks, and a tailored training pipeline that fine-tunes a Diffusion Transformer to learn robust restoration priors from this diverse data, integrating fine-grained mask and strength controls. This synergistic approach allows UniSER to significantly outperform both specialist and generalist models, achieving robust, high-fidelity restoration in the wild.

In many real-world reinforcement learning (RL) problems, the environment exhibits inherent symmetries that can be exploited to improve learning efficiency. This paper develops a theoretical and algorithmic framework for incorporating known group symmetries into kernel-based RL. We propose a symmetry-aware variant of optimistic least-squares value iteration (LSVI), which leverages invariant kernels to encode invariance in both rewards and transition dynamics. Our analysis establishes new bounds on the maximum information gain and covering numbers for invariant RKHSs, explicitly quantifying the sample efficiency gains from symmetry. Empirical results on a customized Frozen Lake environment and a 2D placement design problem confirm the theoretical improvements, demonstrating that symmetry-aware RL achieves significantly better performance than their standard kernel counterparts. These findings highlight the value of structural priors in designing more sample-efficient reinforcement learning algorithms.

As Natural Language Generation (NLG) continues to be widely adopted, properly assessing it has become quite difficult. Lately, using large language models (LLMs) for evaluating these generations has gained traction, as they tend to align more closely with human preferences than conventional n-gram or embedding-based metrics. In our experiments, we show that LLM judges have low intra-rater reliability in their assigned scores across different runs. This variance makes their ratings inconsistent, almost arbitrary in the worst case, making it difficult to measure how good their judgments actually are. We quantify this inconsistency across different NLG tasks and benchmarks and see if judicious use of LLM judges can still be useful following proper guidelines.

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at general vision-language tasks, precise coordinate prediction remains a significant challenge, particularly as high-resolution inputs cause visual positional encodings (VPEs) to degrade. We demonstrate that these encoding failures do not result in random noise but instead trigger predictable, directional biases, suggesting that models default to internal spatial priors when grounding signals are weak. To counteract this, we introduce Vision-PE Shuffle Guidance (VPSG), a training-free, inference-time correction method. VPSG isolates position-unconditioned tendencies by shuffling VPEs and utilizes this negative evidence to steer digit decoding through a lightweight finite-state machine. Evaluation on the ScreenSpot-Pro benchmark confirms that VPSG effectively rectifies coordinate drift, yielding consistent improvements in localization accuracy across various model scales without any retraining. Our code is available at https://github.com/taoxj2001/VPSG.

Citations from LLM-based RAG systems are supposed to simplify response verification. However, this goal is undermined in cases of citation failure, where a model generates a helpful response, but fails to generate citations to complete evidence. In contrast to previous work, we propose to disentangle this from response failure, where the response itself is flawed, and citing complete evidence is impossible. To address citation failure, this work follows a two-step approach: (1) We study when citation failure occurs and (2) how it can be mitigated efficiently. For step 1, we extend prior work by investigating how the relation between response and evidence affects citation quality. We introduce CITECONTROL, a benchmark that systematically varies this relation to enable the analysis of failure modes. Experiments show that failures increase with relational complexity and suggest that combining citation methods could improve performance, motivating step 2. To study the efficient improvement of LLM citation, we propose CITENTION, a framework integrating generative, attention-based, and retrieval-based methods. Results demonstrate substantial citation improvements on CITECONTROL and in transfer settings. We make our data and code publicly available.

Structured pruning is a practical approach to deploying large language models (LLMs) efficiently, as it yields compact, hardware-friendly architectures. However, the dominant local paradigm is task-agnostic: by optimizing layer-wise reconstruction rather than task objectives, it tends to preserve perplexity or generic zero-shot behavior but fails to capitalize on modest task-specific calibration signals, often yielding limited downstream gains. We revisit global structured pruning and present GISP, Global Iterative Structured Pruning, a post-training method that removes attention heads and MLP channels using first-order, loss-based important scores aggregated at the structure level with block-wise normalization. Built on this global importance metric, GISP adopts an iterative schedule, rather than one-shot pruning, stabilizes accuracy at higher sparsity, and mitigates perplexity collapse without requiring intermediate fine-tuning. Importantly, the iterative pruning forms nested subnetworks that support a ''prune-once, deploy-many'' workflow. Furthermore, GISP defines structural importance directly with respect to a target loss, making it easy to adapt pruning to task-specific objectives. In this work, we use perplexity for language modeling and a margin-based objective for decision-style tasks. Extensive experiments show that across Llama2-7B/13B, Llama3-8B, and Mistral-0.3-7B, GISP consistently lowers WikiText-2 perplexity and improves on downstream accuracy, with especially strong gains at 40-50% sparsity; on DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-3-8B and Qwen3-8B with GSM8K, task-aligned calibration substantially boosts exact-match accuracy. The implementation is available at https://github.com/uncc-efficient-ai/GISP.

Human communication is multimodal, with speech and gestures tightly coupled, yet most computational methods for generating speech and gestures synthesize them sequentially, weakening synchrony and prosody alignment. We introduce Gelina, a unified framework that jointly synthesizes speech and co-speech gestures from text using interleaved token sequences in a discrete autoregressive backbone, with modality-specific decoders. Gelina supports multi-speaker and multi-style cloning and enables gesture-only synthesis from speech inputs. Subjective and objective evaluations demonstrate competitive speech quality and improved gesture generation over unimodal baselines.

Recent Long-Context Language Models (LCLMs) can process hundreds of thousands of tokens in a single prompt, enabling new opportunities for knowledge-intensive multi-hop reasoning by integrating large sets of retrieved documents or, in some cases, directly all necessary information. However, simply feeding more documents into the context window fails to capture how evidence should be connected. We address this gap with thought templates, which recast reasoning as reusable thought caches, derived from prior problem solving traces, structuring how evidence is combined and guiding multi-hop inference with factual documents. To keep these templates effective, we propose an update strategy that iteratively refines templates derived from training data through natural-language feedback. Across diverse benchmarks and LCLM families, our approach delivers consistent gains over strong baselines in both retrieval-based and retrieval-free settings. Furthermore, we show that optimized templates can be distilled into smaller open-source models, demonstrating its broad applicability and transparent reasoning reuse. We refer to our framework as Thought Template Augmented LCLMs (ToTAL).

Contrastive explanations, which indicate why an AI system produced one output (the target) instead of another (the foil), are widely regarded in explainable AI as more informative and interpretable than standard explanations. However, obtaining such explanations for speech-to-text (S2T) generative models remains an open challenge. Drawing from feature attribution techniques, we propose the first method to obtain contrastive explanations in S2T by analyzing how parts of the input spectrogram influence the choice between alternative outputs. Through a case study on gender assignment in speech translation, we show that our method accurately identifies the audio features that drive the selection of one gender over another. By extending the scope of contrastive explanations to S2T, our work provides a foundation for better understanding S2T models.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) face growing disruption from intentional jamming, undermining critical infrastructure where precise positioning and timing are essential. Current position error correction (PEC) methods mainly focus on multi-path propagation errors and fail to exploit the spatio-temporal coherence of satellite constellations. We recast jamming mitigation as a dynamic graph regression problem. We propose Jamming Guardian (JaGuard), a receiver-centric deep temporal graph network that estimates and corrects jamming-induced positional drift at fixed locations like roadside units. Modeling the satellite-receiver scene as a heterogeneous star graph at each 1 Hz epoch, our Heterogeneous Graph ConvLSTM fuses spatial context (SNR, azimuth, elevation) with short-term temporal dynamics to predict 2D positional deviation. Evaluated on a real-world dataset from two commercial receivers under synthesized RF interference (three jammer types, -45 to -70 dBm), JaGuard consistently yields the lowest Mean Absolute Error (MAE) compared to advanced baselines. Under severe jamming (-45 dBm), it maintains an MAE of 2.85-5.92 cm, improving to sub-2 cm at lower interference. On mixed-power datasets, JaGuard surpasses all baselines with MAEs of 2.26 cm (GP01) and 2.61 cm (U-blox 10). Even under extreme data starvation (10% training data), JaGuard remains stable, bounding error at 15-20 cm and preventing the massive variance increase seen in baselines. This confirms that dynamically modeling the physical deterioration of the constellation graph is strictly necessary for resilient interference correction.

This study presents a deep tabular learning framework for predicting crash severity in electric vehicle (EV) collisions using real-world crash data from Texas (2017-2023). After filtering for electric-only vehicles, 23,301 EV-involved crash records were analyzed. Feature importance techniques using XGBoost and Random Forest identified intersection relation, first harmful event, person age, crash speed limit, and day of week as the top predictors, along with advanced safety features like automatic emergency braking. To address class imbalance, Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique and Edited Nearest Neighbors (SMOTEENN) resampling was applied. Three state-of-the-art deep tabular models, TabPFN, MambaNet, and MambaAttention, were benchmarked for severity prediction. While TabPFN demonstrated strong generalization, MambaAttention achieved superior performance in classifying severe injury cases due to its attention-based feature reweighting. The findings highlight the potential of deep tabular architectures for improving crash severity prediction and enabling data-driven safety interventions in EV crash contexts.

This study presents the first multi-platform sentiment analysis of public opinion on the 15-minute city concept across Twitter, Reddit, and news media. Using compressed transformer models and Llama-3-8B for annotation, we classify sentiment across heterogeneous text domains. Our pipeline handles long-form and short-form text, supports consistent annotation, and enables reproducible evaluation. We benchmark five models (DistilRoBERTa, DistilBERT, MiniLM, ELECTRA, TinyBERT) using stratified 5-fold cross-validation, reporting F1-score, AUC, and training time. DistilRoBERTa achieved the highest F1 (0.8292), TinyBERT the best efficiency, and MiniLM the best cross-platform consistency. Results show News data yields inflated performance due to class imbalance, Reddit suffers from summarization loss, and Twitter offers moderate challenge. Compressed models perform competitively, challenging assumptions that larger models are necessary. We identify platform-specific trade-offs and propose directions for scalable, real-world sentiment classification in urban planning discourse.

The advancement of Embodied AI heavily relies on large-scale, simulatable 3D scene datasets characterized by scene diversity and realistic layouts. However, existing datasets typically suffer from limitations in data scale or diversity, sanitized layouts lacking small items, and severe object collisions. To address these shortcomings, we introduce \textbf{InternScenes}, a novel large-scale simulatable indoor scene dataset comprising approximately 40,000 diverse scenes by integrating three disparate scene sources, real-world scans, procedurally generated scenes, and designer-created scenes, including 1.96M 3D objects and covering 15 common scene types and 288 object classes. We particularly preserve massive small items in the scenes, resulting in realistic and complex layouts with an average of 41.5 objects per region. Our comprehensive data processing pipeline ensures simulatability by creating real-to-sim replicas for real-world scans, enhances interactivity by incorporating interactive objects into these scenes, and resolves object collisions by physical simulations. We demonstrate the value of InternScenes with two benchmark applications: scene layout generation and point-goal navigation. Both show the new challenges posed by the complex and realistic layouts. More importantly, InternScenes paves the way for scaling up the model training for both tasks, making the generation and navigation in such complex scenes possible. We commit to open-sourcing the data, models, and benchmarks to benefit the whole community.

Refusal on harmful prompts is a key safety behaviour in instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), yet the internal causes of this behaviour remain poorly understood. We study two public instruction-tuned models, Gemma-2-2B-IT and LLaMA-3.1-8B-IT, using sparse autoencoders (SAEs) trained on residual-stream activations. Given a harmful prompt, we search the SAE latent space for feature sets whose ablation flips the model from refusal to compliance, demonstrating causal influence and creating a jailbreak. Our search proceeds in three stages: (1) Refusal Direction: find a refusal-mediating direction and collect SAE features near that direction; (2) Greedy Filtering: prune to a minimal set; and (3) Interaction Discovery: fit a factorization machine (FM) that captures nonlinear interactions among the remaining active features and the minimal set. This pipeline yields a broad set of jailbreak-critical features, offering insight into the mechanistic basis of refusal. Moreover, we find evidence of redundant features that remain dormant unless earlier features are suppressed. Our findings highlight the potential for fine-grained auditing and targeted intervention in safety behaviours by manipulating the interpretable latent space.

The excess Gibbs energy plays a central role in chemical engineering and chemistry, providing a basis for modeling thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures. Predicting the excess Gibbs energy of multi-component mixtures solely from molecular structures is a long-standing challenge. We address this challenge with HANNA, a flexible machine learning model for excess Gibbs energy that integrates physical laws as hard constraints, guaranteeing thermodynamically consistent predictions. HANNA is trained on experimental data for vapor-liquid equilibria, liquid-liquid equilibria, activity coefficients at infinite dilution and excess enthalpies in binary mixtures. The end-to-end training on liquid-liquid equilibrium data is facilitated by a surrogate solver. A geometric projection method enables robust extrapolations to multi-component mixtures. We demonstrate that HANNA delivers accurate predictions, while providing a substantially broader domain of applicability than state-of-the-art benchmark methods. The trained model and corresponding code are openly available, and an interactive interface is provided on our website, MLPROP.

Modern multi-class image classification uses high-dimensional CNN features that incur large memory and computational costs and obscure the data manifold's geometry. Existing graph-based spectral classifiers work on synthetic or binary tasks but degrade on natural images with many classes because feature manifolds have non-trivial topology. We introduce a physics-inspired pipeline where frozen MobileNetV2 features are interpreted as Ising spins on a sparse multi-edge type quasi-cyclic LDPC graph, defining a Random-Bond Ising Model (RBIM). The model is operated at its Nishimori temperature -- where the smallest eigenvalue of the Bethe-Hessian matrix vanishes. A spectral-topological correspondence links trapping sets in the Tanner graph to topological invariants via poles of the Ihara-Bass zeta function, enabling systematic suppression of harmful substructures that otherwise reduce top-1 accuracy by more than a factor of four. A fast quadratic-Newton estimator finds the Nishimori temperature in $\sim 9$ Arnoldi iterations, a sixfold speed-up over bisection. The resulting ensembles compress the original $1280$-dimensional MobileNetV2 representation to $32$ dimensions (ImageNet-10) or $64$ dimensions (ImageNet-100). We achieve $98.7\%$ top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-10 and $84.92\%$ on ImageNet-100 using a three-graph soft ensemble. Relative to MobileNetV2, our hard ensemble increases accuracy by $0.10\%$ while reducing FLOPs by a factor of $2.67$. Against ResNet-50, the soft ensemble drops only 1.09% accuracy yet cuts FLOPs by $29\times$. The novelty lies in (a) establishing a rigorous link between graph trapping sets and algebraic-topological defects, (b) an efficient Nishimori-temperature estimator, and (c) demonstrating topology-guided LDPC graph embedding for highly compressed classifiers.

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have increasingly supported omni-modal processing across text, vision, and speech. However, existing evaluation frameworks for such models suffer from critical limitations, including modality shortcuts and biased reasoning paths. To address these challenges, we propose OMHBench, a novel benchmark designed to rigorously evaluate omni-modal multi-hop reasoning. It consists of 6,144 questions with balanced reasoning paths that are jointly grounded across all three modalities. Extensive evaluation of 13 state-of-the-art models reveals that (1) a large performance gap exists between proprietary and open-source MLLMs and (2) even proprietary models exhibit high sensitivity to reasoning path variations, resulting in asymmetric omni-modal grounding. Notably, models struggle when processing the speech modality, underscoring the need for balanced, multi-hop evaluation of omni-modal intelligence.

Real-time audio-visual speech enhancement (AVSE) is a key enabler for immersive and interactive multimedia services, yet its performance is tightly constrained by network latency, uplink capacity, and computational delay. This paper presents the design, deployment, and evaluation of a complete cloud-edge-assisted AVSE system operating over a public 5G edge network. The system integrates CNN-based acoustic enhancement and OpenCV-based facial feature extraction with an LSTM fusion network to preserve temporal coherence, and is deployed on a Vodafone-compatible AWS Wavelength edge cloud. Through extensive stress testing, we analyze end-to-end performance under varying network load and adaptive multimedia profiles. Results show that compute placement at the network edge is critical for meeting real-time coherence constraints, and that uplink capacity is often the dominant bottleneck for interactive AVSE services. Only 5G and wired Ethernet consistently satisfied the required communication delay bound for uncompressed audio-video chunks, while aggressive compression reduced payload sizes by up to 80% with negligible perceptual degradation, enabling robust operation under constrained conditions. We further demonstrate a fundamental trade-off between processing latency and enhancement quality, where reduced model complexity lowers delay but degrades reconstruction performance in low-SNR scenarios. Our findings indicate that public 5G edge environments can sustain real-time, interactive AVSE workloads when network and compute resources are carefully orchestrated, although performance margins remain tighter than in dedicated infrastructures. The architectural insights derived from this study provide practical guidelines for the design of delay-sensitive multimedia and perceptual enhancement services on emerging 5G edge-cloud platforms.

Large reasoning models achieve strong performance through test-time scaling, but this incurs substantial computational overhead due to long decoding from short prompts. While sparse attention can reduce latency and memory usage, existing methods often degrade reasoning accuracy because selection errors accumulate over long generation horizons, or require costly retraining. We introduce LessIsMore, a training-free sparse attention mechanism for long-horizon reasoning. Our key insight is that token importance in reasoning is global and stable: critical tokens are largely shared across attention heads and remain stable over decoding steps. Guided by this structure, LessIsMore enforces cross-head unified token selection and preserves recent context via a stable recency window, yielding a globally consistent token set that can be reused across layers. Across multiple model families and challenging reasoning benchmarks, LessIsMore matches or improves accuracy while attending to substantially fewer tokens. With kernel-level optimizations, LessIsMore achieves up to $1.6\times$ end-to-end decoding speedup and up to $1.72\times$ faster sparse attention computation, with additional long-context results demonstrating the generality of our approach. Code is available at \href{https://github.com/DerrickYLJ/LessIsMore}{https://github.com/DerrickYLJ/LessIsMore}.

Diffusion models have been firmly established as principled zero-shot solvers for linear and nonlinear inverse problems, owing to their powerful image prior and iterative sampling algorithm. These approaches often rely on Tweedie's formula, which relates the diffusion variate $\mathbf{x}_t$ to the posterior mean $\mathbb{E} [\mathbf{x}_0 | \mathbf{x}_t]$, in order to guide the diffusion trajectory with an estimate of the final denoised sample $\mathbf{x}_0$. However, this does not consider information from the measurement $\mathbf{y}$, which must then be integrated downstream. In this work, we propose to estimate the conditional posterior mean $\mathbb{E} [\mathbf{x}_0 | \mathbf{x}_t, \mathbf{y}]$, which can be formulated as the solution to a lightweight, single-parameter maximum likelihood estimation problem. The resulting prediction can be integrated into any standard sampler, resulting in a fast and memory-efficient inverse solver. Our optimizer is amenable to a noise-aware likelihood-based stopping criteria that is robust to measurement noise in $\mathbf{y}$. We demonstrate comparable or improved performance against a wide selection of contemporary inverse solvers across multiple datasets and tasks.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been evaluated using diverse question types, e.g., multiple-choice, true/false, and short/long answers. This study answers an unexplored question about the impact of different question types on LLM accuracy on reasoning tasks. We investigate the performance of five LLMs on three different types of questions using quantitative and deductive reasoning tasks. The performance metrics include accuracy in the reasoning steps and choosing the final answer. Key Findings: (1) Significant differences exist in LLM performance across different question types. (2) Reasoning accuracy does not necessarily correlate with the final selection accuracy. (3) The number of options and the choice of words, influence LLM performance.

Nanomaterial-protein interactions (NPI) are pivotal to realizing the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of nanomaterials. Although AI promises to accelerate mechanistic understanding and enable rational nanomaterial design, robust generalization to unseen nanomaterials or proteins remains unresolved. Here, we present CuMMI (curriculum-guided multimodal interaction model), a generalizable, explainable, and transferable model designed to infer NPI across complex biological settings. CuMMI leverages a self-constructed million-scale NPI dataset and adopts a multi-stage curriculum centered on human plasma, with progressively broader biofluid exposure to enhance data coverage and generalizability. By integrating protein sequence, structure, and a text-encoded experimental context of 37 features, CuMMI captures complementary material-specific, biochemical, and environmental information. Sample-level quality weights are assigned to ensure full utilization of available data while mitigating low-confidence and sparsely recorded entries. Ablation studies highlight the most influential tabular features, clarifying their contribution to the prediction. Through rigorous external validation across independence-preserving temporal, nanomaterial-held-out, and protein-held-out evaluations, our framework consistently achieves good performance (mean of five classification metrics exceeding 0.75), highlighting its robustness and generalizability to unseen data. Furthermore, fine-tuning on independent gold-nanoparticle data and a held-out protein subset further delivers better performance than training from scratch with substantially fewer samples. Together, our approach enables generalizable and transferable NPI prediction and may accelerate in vitro research and applications of nanomaterials.

Language models (LMs) are used for a diverse range of tasks, from question answering to writing fantastical stories. In order to reliably accomplish these tasks, LMs must be able to discern the modal category of a sentence (i.e., whether it describes something that is possible, impossible, completely nonsensical, etc.). However, recent studies have called into question the ability of LMs to categorize sentences according to modality (Michaelov et al., 2025; Kauf et al., 2023). In this work, we identify linear representations that discriminate between modal categories within a variety of LMs, or modal difference vectors. Analysis of modal difference vectors reveals that LMs have access to more reliable modal categorization judgments than previously reported. Furthermore, we find that modal difference vectors emerge in a consistent order as models become more competent (i.e., through training steps, layers, and parameter count). Notably, we find that modal difference vectors identified within LM activations can be used to model fine-grained human categorization behavior. This potentially provides a novel view into how human participants distinguish between modal categories, which we explore by correlating projections along modal difference vectors with human participants' ratings of interpretable features. In summary, we derive new insights into LM modal categorization using techniques from mechanistic interpretability, with the potential to inform our understanding of modal categorization in humans.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a crucial framework in natural language processing (NLP), improving factual consistency and reducing hallucinations by integrating external document retrieval with large language models (LLMs). However, the effectiveness of RAG is often hindered by coreferential complexity in retrieved documents, introducing ambiguity that disrupts in-context learning. In this study, we systematically investigate how entity coreference affects both document retrieval and generative performance in RAG-based systems, focusing on retrieval relevance, contextual understanding, and overall response quality. We demonstrate that coreference resolution enhances retrieval effectiveness and improves question-answering (QA) performance. Through comparative analysis of different pooling strategies in retrieval tasks, we find that mean pooling demonstrates superior context capturing ability after applying coreference resolution. In QA tasks, we discover that smaller models benefit more from the disambiguation process, likely due to their limited inherent capacity for handling referential ambiguity. With these findings, this study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the challenges posed by coreferential complexity in RAG, providing guidance for improving retrieval and generation in knowledge-intensive AI applications.

Diffusion-based video motion customization facilitates the acquisition of human motion representations from a few video samples, while achieving arbitrary subjects transfer through precise textual conditioning. Existing approaches often rely on semantic-level alignment, expecting the model to learn new motion concepts and combine them with other entities (e.g., ''cats'' or ''dogs'') to produce visually appealing results. However, video data involve complex spatio-temporal patterns, and focusing solely on semantics cause the model to overlook the visual complexity of motion. Conversely, tuning only the visual representation leads to semantic confusion in representing the intended action. To address these limitations, we propose SynMotion, a new motion-customized video generation model that jointly leverages semantic guidance and visual adaptation. At the semantic level, we introduce the dual-embedding semantic comprehension mechanism which disentangles subject and motion representations, allowing the model to learn customized motion features while preserving its generative capabilities for diverse subjects. At the visual level, we integrate parameter-efficient motion adapters into a pre-trained video generation model to enhance motion fidelity and temporal coherence. Furthermore, we introduce a new embedding-specific training strategy which \textbf{alternately optimizes} subject and motion embeddings, supported by the manually constructed Subject Prior Video (SPV) training dataset. This strategy promotes motion specificity while preserving generalization across diverse subjects. Lastly, we introduce MotionBench, a newly curated benchmark with diverse motion patterns. Experimental results across both T2V and I2V settings demonstrate that \method outperforms existing baselines. Project page: https://lucaria-academy.github.io/SynMotion/